adi-prabhRtibhyaH zapaH ONPANINI 24072
The lukclass get no zap.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 223

Exception to rule kartarizap way below, that says that roots get zap before hard doer affix. This exception says that some roots never get zap. Instead, they get nothing.

Such roots are called "ad-Adi roots" by Indian grammarians, and "class two roots" by Western grammarians. I call them " lukclass roots", because they get nothing. See verb classes .

Examples of kartarizap not working on the lukclass roots: ad han dviS zIG iN' before hard doer affixes --

ad + laT mip → admi "I eat"

dviS + laT mip →puganta dveS + mi "I hate"

dviS + laG mas →luGlaG adviSmas "we hated"

(here adviS did not get puganta because mas is Git by hard apit is Git .)

han + @hard liG tip → han + yAt''' → hanyAt "he would kill"

zIG + laT ta → zI + te''' →zIGassA zete "sleeps"

AG + iN' + loT sip →serhyapicca A + i + hi''' →AdguNaH ehi "come!"

KAZIKA adi-prabhRtibhya uttarasya zapo lug bhavati. atti. hanti. dveSTi.

Subtle point: The literal translation of the rule is

"after ad etc, replace zap with luk".

So I lied above when I said that this rule is an exception to kartarizap; instead, it works right after kartarizap and undoes its effect. But replacing zap with luk always ends up producing the exact same result as not adding zap at all, so I am morally allowed to translate the rule as

" ad etc get no zap".

This is not a literal translation but, the way I teach, it's clearer for my kids.

Weirdly, rules [3] to [10] in the list verb classes are true exceptions to kartarizap and do not replace zap with other affixes; instead, they just add the other affixes after the root, and this prevents the adding of zap because kartarizap works only when the root is directly before the tiG.

yaGo 'ci ca ONPANINI 24074
(Sometimes) yaG to luk, and also before ac''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 224

The yaGluk roots (such as roru lAlap vAvad), have the same meaning as the yaG roots (roruya lAlapya vAvadya). They are made by adding yaG to any of the roots mentioned in dhAtorekAco, then luking off the yaG.

ru "roar" + yaG →sanyaGoH ru + ru + yaG →guNoyaG;lukoH ro + ru + ya roru "keep roaring, roar loudly"

vad "talk" + yaG →san;yaGoH vavadya →dIrghokitaH vAvadya vAvad "keep talking, talk a lot, rumble (as a drum)"

lap "chatter, prate" + yaG lAlap "keep chattering, have logorrhoea, prate senselessly"

lU "reap" + yaG lolUya → lolU "keep reaping"

As they do not have G label, they are flatty --

vAvad + laT tip →yaGovA vAvad + tip →yaGovA vAvad + Iti → vAvadIti "keeps talking, talks a lot"

roru + laT tip →yaGovA roru + Iti → roru + Iti →hardsoft roro + Iti →ecoya roravIti "keeps roaring; roars loudly"

(Exception nadhAtulopa didn't come in here, because it prevents hardsoft before yaG, a soft that caused the erasure of ya. We still get hardsoft before tip however,which is hard and didn't erase anything.)

(Notice that there is no kartarizap here. That's because of a vArttika, yaGluks are lukclass .)

An example before ac'' --

lU "reap" + yaG + ac'' →sanyaGoH lUlU + ya + ac'' lUlU + ac'' →guNoyaGlukoH lolU + a →aciznu loluva- "a great reaper"

(Here lUlU + ac'' did not trigger hardsoft, because of exception nadhAtulopa, which works before soft affixes such as ac''.)

The yaGluk are all allowed in the laukika according to pANini, but in practice they are mostly found in the veda, and make occasional cameos in the epics.

KAZIKA yaGo lug bhavati aci pratyaye parataH. cakArena bahulagrahanam anukRSyate, na tu chandasIti. tena chandasi bhASAyAM ca yaGo lug bhavati. loluvaH. popuvaH. sanIsraMsaH. danIdhvaMsaH. bahulagrahaNAdaJcyapi bhavati. zAkuniko lAlapIti. dundubhirvavadIti.

juhoty-AdibhyaH zluH ONPANINI 24075
hu and others get zlu (instead of getting zap).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 225 vikaraNa

Some roots get zlu when others would get zap (that is, before a hard doer affix). These are called zluclass roots, class three roots, or juhotyAdi roots (see verb classes ).

The zlu causes reduplication (by rule zlau) and disappears (by rule pratyayasya). Example --

dA + laT tip dA + zlu + tip → dadA + tip → dadAti "gives"

bhI + laT tip → bibhI + tip →hardsoft bibheti "is afraid"

hu + laT tip → juhu + tip →hardsoft juhoti "pours (ghee on the holy fire)"

KAZIKA zapanuvartate, na yaG. juhotyAdibhyaH uttarasya zapaH zlur bhavati. luki prakRte zluvidhAnAM dvirvacanArtham. juhoti. vibharti. nenekti.

Notice that this rule gets zap from the trickle, but does not get yaG.

gAti;sthA; ghu;pA; bhUbhyaH sicaH parasmaipadeSu ONPANINI 24077
sic (to luk) before flat after gAti sthA ghu pA bhU.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 226

In other words -- these five roots get no affix at all when they are before luG.

inria flags these verb forms with "aor [1]". coulson calls them " root aorist", because no affix is added to the root.

Examples with sthA and bhU --

sthA + luG tip → sthA + t''' →luGlaG asthA + t → asthA + sic + t asthAt "he waited"

bhU + luG tip → bhU + sic + tip bhU + tip →luGlaG abhU + tip → abhU + t''' → abhUt "he was"

(abhU here got no hardsoft because of exception bhUsuvostiGi)

Examples with ghu roots --

adAt "he gave"

adhAt "he put"

The "gAti" mentioned in the rule is the gAG that sometimes replaces iN' eti "go" --

iN' + luG tip →iNogAluGi gA + tip →luGlaG agA + tip → agA + t''' → a + gA + sic + t agAt "he went"

mAG + iN' + luG sip →iNogAluGi mA + gA + sip → mA + gA + s''' → mA gAs "don't go"

(here luGlaG did not work, because of namAGyoge)

But this rule will not work after the gA that replaced root gai "sing" --

gai + luG tip → gai + sic + tip →Adeca_u gA + sic + tip →luGlaG agA + s + t''' →astisicopRkte agA + s + It → agAsIt "he sung"

The pA mentioned in the rule is the zapclass pA pibati that means "drink" --

apA + sic + t''' apAt "he drunk"

and NOT the pA pAti that means "protect, rule"

apAsId rAjA "the king ruled"

This rule only works before flat. So if the same gAG mentioned above gets the bent affix AtAm, the sic stays --

iN' + karmaNi luG AtAm → gA + AtAm →sic gA + s + AtAm →luGlaG agAsAtAm

As in --

agAsAtAGM grAmau devadattena "two villages were gone to by devadatta"

Back to aorist types .

KAZIKA lug anuvartate, na zluH. gAti sthA ghu pA bhU itye tebhyaH. parasya sico lug bhavati, parasmaipadeSu parataH. agAt. asthAt. adAt. adhAt. apAt. abhUt. gApor grahane iN;pibatyor grahaNam. gAyateH pAteH ca na bhavati. agAsIn@ naTaH. apAsIn@ nRpaH. parasmaipadeSu iti kim? agAsAtAM grAmau devadattena.

tanAdibhyas ta;thAsoH ONPANINI 24079
( sic to luk optionally) after uclass before ta thAs.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 227 luG

Examples --

tan + luG ta atan + sic + ta atan + ta →anudAtto atata "he expanded"

atathAs "you expanded"

If we don't take the option, we get iSic as usual, as all the uclass are seT --

ataniSTa "he expanded"

ataniSThAs "you expanded"

This rule works before the bent ta, but not before the flat ta''' which sometimes replaces tha. So sic stays here --

tan + luG tha atan + iSic + ta''' →STunA ataniSTa "y'all expanded"

KAZIKA tanAdibhya uttarasya sicaH tathAsoH parato vibhASA lug bhavati. atata, atathAH. ataniSTa, ataniSThAH. asAta, asAthAH. asaniSTa, asaniSThAH. janasanakhanAM saMjJaloH 64042 ityAtvam. thAsA sAhacaryAd Atmanepadasya ta-zabdasya grahanam. parasmaipade na bhavati, ataniSTa yUyam.

This rule does not work on kR, because it is not an uclass (see tanAdikR). After kR the sic is always lost before ta thAs (see hrasvAdaGgAt), so we may say akRthAs and akRta, which might look as if this rule has worked on them; it has not.

AmaH ONPANINI 24081
After Am'', ( liT to luk).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 228

After adding Am'' to a root that is before a liT replacer, this rule chops off the liT, wraps it in plastic, and keeps it in the fridge --

IkS + liT → IkS + ta → IkS + ez → IkS + Am'' + ez IkSAm →kRJcA IkSAm + cakre →monusvA IkSAJMcakre "he made others cook"

Back to Am'' summary .

KAZIKA AmaH parasya ler lug bhavati. IhAJcakre. UhAJcakre. IkSAJcakre.

avyayAd Ap-supaH ONPANINI 24082
Ap and sup (to luk) after an unchanging.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 229

Example 1.

Rules samAna-kartRkayoH and samAsena say that in the sentence lakSMy Agacchati pazyati ca "lakSmI comes and sees", if the coming happens before the seeing, we may replace Agacchati (which is AG + gam + laT) with Agamya (which is AG + gam + lyap). Now, this lyap is a kRt affix, so this Agamya is a nounbase and therefore, rules ajAdya and GyApprA would add Ap and su to it. But rule ktvAtosunkasunaH tells us that lyap-enders are unchanging, so this rule replaces Ap and su with luk --

lakSMy Agamya →ajAdya lakSMy Agamya + Ap →GyApprA lakSMy Agamya + Ap + sup lakSmy Agamya "lakSmI comes and..."

Example 2.

Rule svarAdinipAtamavyayam tells us that tral-enders, such as tatra, are unchanging. When we say tasyAM zalAyAm "in that hall", the word tasyAm is not an unchanging, so it gets Ap --

tad- f + Gi →tyadAdI ta + Gi →ajAdya tA + Gi →GerAm tA + Am →sarvanAmnaHsyAD tasyAm "in that"

But, if we replace tasyAm with tatra by saptamyAstral, we get tatra zalAyAm. tatra means "in that", like tasyAm, but this rule deletes the Ap --

tad- f + Gi →tyadAdI ta + Gi →saptamyAstral ta + tra →ajAdya ta + Ap + tra tatra "in that"

In this case, tral is technically a sup because it replaced Gi, but the rule cannot delete it because tral made ta- into an unchanging, and being unchanging made this rule work, and rules cannot delete what made them work.

KAZIKA avyayAd uttarasya ApaH supaz ca lug bhavati. tatra zAlAyAm. yatra zAlAyAm. supaH khalvapi kRtvA. hRtvA.

luTaH prathamasya DA;rau;rasaH ONPANINI 24085
Third person luT to DA rau ras.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 230

After tAs, replace

tip tas jhi ta AtAm jha

with

DA rau ras DA rau ras.

By rules TeH and rica, the tAs combines with those into --

tA tArau tAras tA tArau tAras

Examples --

kR + luT tip → kR + tAs + tip kR + tAs + DA →TeH kR + tA →hardsoft kartA "he will make"

kR + luT ta → kR + tAs + ta kR + tAs + DA →TeH kR + tA →hardsoft kartA "he will make"

kR + luT jhi → kR + tAs + jhi kR + tAs + ras →rica kR + tAras →hardsoft kartAras "they will make"

pratyayaH ONPANINI 31001
affixes start here.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 231

The things taught in books three, four and five are called " affixes".

Some examples of affixes, and the rules that describe them --

san guptij ff

anIyar tavyattavyA

tRc NvultRcau

tip tas tiptas

su au jas svaujas

GIp RnnebhyoGIp

aN prAgdIvyatoN

kap uraHprabhRtibhyaHkap

See also parazca right below.

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. pratyayazabdaH saMjJAtvena adhikriyate. A paJcamAdyAyaparisamApteryAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyamaH, pratyayasaMjJAste veditavyAH, prakRtyupapAdopAdhivikArAgamAn varjayitvA. vakSyati tavyat;tavyAnIyaraH. kartavyam. karaNIyam. pratyayapradezAH pratyayalope pratyayalakSaNam ity evam AdayaH.

paraz ca ONPANINI 31002
(Affixes) go after.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 232

affixes are always added to something. They are added AFTER it, unless exceptions.

As for instance, the affix su (by rule GyApprA) may be added after all nounbases --

azva- + su → azvas "horse"

Exceptions. Rules Adyantau and midaco cause some affixes to be added in front of, or in the middle of, whatever they are added to. For instance, when car gets aT affix, it turns into acar (see luGlaG).

KAZIKA ayam apyadhikAro yoge yoge upatiSThate, paribhASA vA. parazca sa bhavati dhAtor vA prAtipadikAd vA yaH pratyayasaMjJaH. kartavyam. taittirIyam. cakAraH punarasyaiva samuccayArthaH. tena uNAdiSu paratvaM na vikalpyate.

Notice that in prativartate, prati is not an affix; prati-vartate is a compound.

Ady-udAttaz ca ONPANINI 31003
(Affixes have) acute at the start.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 233 accent

Affixes move the accent to their first vowel unless otherwise specified. Example. When we join --

kR + kta → kRta- "was done"

kR + tavya → kartavya- "should be done"

...the acute will be on the ta -- kRtá, kartávya.

This won't work with the affix tavya(t), because it is tit. The tit affixes make titsvaritam work.

Back to labels and accent .

anudAttau sup;pitau ONPANINI 31004
sup and pit are grave.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 234 accent

Exception to AdyudAttazca above.

All sup affixes are grave, like the au and jas here --

dRSad- + au → dRSadau "two stones"

dRSad- + jas → dRSadas "stones"

The affixes with p label are grave too, such as the tip here --

pacati "he cooks"

kSipati "he throws"

but not the tas in

pacatas "both cook"

KAZIKA pUrvasya ayam apavAdaH. supaH pitazca pratyayA anudAttA bhavanti. dRSadau. dRSadaH. pitaH khalvapi pacati. paThati.