uncommonly used rulesmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1555

Very few words end in r g D b G, and few start with h, and very very few start with T D S, so you won't come across the following rules often.

d and D

wordfinal G

d D g b before h

d D g b before nasal

wordfinal r

wordfinal Gmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1557

Very few words end in G. The are compounds ending in ac''', such as pratyaG, prAG and dadhyaG. Those come to end in G when su is added, by kvinpra.

G stays before all consonants --

pratyaG + tiSThati → pratyaG tiSThati "the western guy is waiting"

it also stays before vowels --

prAG + atiSThat → prAG atiSThat "the eastern guy was waiting"

but then it doubles if it follows a short vowel --

dadhyaG + AtharvaNaH →Gamohra dadhyaGGAtharvaNaH "dadhyaG son of atharvan"

The words that truly end in G are very uncommon. I don't think I have seen any in the mbh yet. Most words that appear to end in G in the epics aree words that end in g, but the g became G because the next woird starts with n or m (see d D g b before nasal ).

Back to uncommonly used rules .

wordfinal rmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1560

Vey few words end in r (see list of r-enders ).

Before khar and pause, r gives the same result as s before khar --

punar + tiSThati → punastiSThati "he stays again" (by sasaju, kharava and other rules)

punar + pause →kharava punaH

Before vowel, r stays --

punar + apazyat → punar apazyat "he saw again"

Otherwise, r gives the same result as the s of other s + !haz . That is to say --

r stays before all haz except r --

punar vadati → punar vadati "talks again" (no rules involved)

And before another r, r disappears, and the previous a i u lengthens --

punar + rakSati →rori puna + rakSati →Dhralope punArakSati "he protects again"

Back to uncommonly used rules .

permitted finalsmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1561

The rules in the beginning of the pANini grammar assemble words by adding affixes to either roots or nounbases, and sometimes the affix disappear. So, they can make words that end in any letter. For instance, the word azvas is made by adding su after azva, so it ends in s, and apazyat is making by adding tip and erasing the i, so it ends in t, and zuc- with su makes zucs first, the zuc by halGyA, which ends in c. Also when we add su to the nounbase samidh- we get the word samidh by rule halGyA, which very clearly ends in dh.

After the rules before cantgoback build these words that can end in anything except M or H, they are affected by the rules after cantgoback. Here rule coHkuH turns zuc into zuk, and rule jhalAJjazonte turns zuk into zug and samidh into samid and sasaju turns azvas into azvar. These rules work on every wordfinal letter, no matter what word comes next.

The rules below those, down to the end of the grammar, will make further changes to these words depending on what sound follows. Some of the rules that are before cantgoback will make changes too.

For instance, our azvar will become azvaH by 83015 kharava if it is before a pause, but it will become azvo before a haz (by 61114 hazica). As for samid, it will turn into samit before p by kharica, and optionally samit before pause by vAvasAne, and optionally samin before m by yaronu.

As words need to be used somewhere in a sentence, and when the do they will either be followed by either a pause or another word in saMhitA, all those rules will have to work, and this means that at some stage in the application of the rules every word will end either with a vowel, or one of the consonants m s d n r g D b G. After that stage other rules will apply depending on the next word.

What happens to the other consonants?

(1) z and ch become S by vrazcabhrasja

(2) rule hoDhaH turns every wordfinal h into D.

(3) rule coHkuH turns every wordfinal cu into a tu.

(4) rule jhalAJjazonte turns t th d dh into d, and S T etc into D, and ph into b, etc etc.

After these changes, only m s d n r g D b G and y v l remain. But the word-building rules do not make any words that end in y v l (all such words were invented by grammarians, like Nal and /yay).