ek%Aco dve prathamasya PANINIRULES 61001
Replace the first onevowel part with two.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 569

Sometimes, we have to " reduplicate" roots, that is, we replace the first part of the root with two of the same. The "first part" of a root is everything up to the first vowel. Examples --

The first part of yudh is yu

so "reduplicate yudh" means "replace yudh with yu + yudh"

The first part of nI is nI

so we replace nI with nI + nI

The first part of ad is a

so we replace ad with a + ad

(See also the exceptions below, ajAderdvi and nan;d;rAssaMyo.)

We reduplicate when the rules liTidhA sanyaGoH zlau caGi below say so. In other words, whn the root is before the affixes liT san yaG zlu caG.

For instance, when rakS "protect" is before a liT affix, rule liTidhA replaces its ra with rara --

rakS + liT tip → rakS + Nal →liTidhA rarakS + Nal → rarakSa "he protected"

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. ekAcaH iti ca, dve iti ca, prathamasya iti ca tritayam adhikRtaM veditavyam. ita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH prAk saMprasAraNavidhAnAt tatra ekAcaH prathamasya dve bhavataH ity evaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati liTi dhAtoranabhyAsasya iti. tatra dhAtoravayavayasya anabhyAsasya prathamasya ekAco dve bhavataH. jajAgAra. papAca. iyAya. Ara. ekAca iti bahuvrIhinirdezaH. eko 'c yasya so 'yam ekAcityavayavena vigrahaH. tatra samudAyaH samAsArthaH. abhyantarazca samudAye 'vayavo bhavati iti sAckasya eva dvirvacanaM bhavati. evaM ca pacityatra yena eva acA samudAyaH ekAc, tenA eva tadavayavo 'cchabdaH pazabdazca. tatra pRthagavayavaikAc na dvirucyate, kiM tarhi, samudAyaikAjeva. tathA hi sakRcchAstrapravRttyA sAvayavaH samudAyo 'nugRhyate. papAca ityatra prathamatvaM vyapadezivadbhAvAt. iyAya, Ara ityatra ekActvam api vyapadezibhAvAdeva. dviHprayogazca dvirvacanam idam. AvRttisaGkhyA hi dve iti vidhIyate. tena sa eva zabdo dvirucAryate, na ca zabdAntaraM tasya sthAne vidhIyate.

aj-Ader dvitIyasya PANINIRULES 61002
(But double) the second (onevowel part) of a vowelstarter.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 570

Exception to ekAcodve. The roots that start with a vowel and have at least two vowels replace their second one-vowel part with two.

Example. The root aTiSa means "be about to wander" and starts with a vowel. When it reduplicates, we change --

a Ti Sa a Ti Ti Sa → aTiTiSa "want to wander"

as in --

aTiSa + laT tip aTiTiSati "he wants to go walkabout"

See exception nandrA right below.

KAZIKA prathamadvirvacanApavAdo 'yam. ajAder dvitiyasya ekaco dvirvacanam adhikriyate. acAdir yasya dhAtoH tadavayavasya dvitIyasya ekAco dve bhavataH. aTiTiSati. aziziSati. aririSati. arteH smipUGraJjvazAM sani 72074 iti iT kriyate. tasmin kRte guNe ca raparatve ca dvirvacane 'ci 12059 iti sthAnivadbhAvaH prApnoti. tatra pratividhAnaM dvirvacananimitte 'ci iti ucyate. na ca atra dvirvacananimittamiT. kiM tarhi? kAryI. na ca kAryI nimittatvena azrIyate. tathA hi kGinimittayor guNavRddhyoH pratiSedho vidhIyamAnaH zayitA ityatra na bhavati, na hi kAryiNaH zIGo guNaM prati nimittabhAvaH iti. atra kecidajAdeH iti karmadhArayAt paJcamIm icchanti. ac ca asau Adizca ityajAdiH, tasmAtajAderuttarasya ekAco dve bhavataH iti. teSAM dvitIyasya iti vispaSTarthaM draSTAvyam.

The root aTiSa comes from aT + san and means "to be about to wander".

aT + san → aT + iT + san →kric aTiSa

na n;d;rAH saMyogAdayaH PANINIRULES 61003
But not the n d r b that start a cluster.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 571

Exception to ajAderdvi. If the second part of a vowel-starter root starts with n d r b plus other consonants, we don't reduplicate that n d r b, but just the rest of the second part.

Examples. The roots undiSa and Urnu have second parts ndi rnu. According to the previous rule we would have replaced ndi with two ndi and rnu with two rnu. But this exception says that we replace one di with two di and one nu with two nu --

u ndi Sa u n di di Sa → undidiSa

U rnu U r nu nu → Urnunu →Natvam UrNunu

As in --

und + san + laT tip →sanyaGoH undidiSa + tip undidiSati "he wants to wetten"

Urnu + Nal →liTidhA Urnunu + Nal →acoJNiti Urnunau + a →ecoya UrnunAva →Natvam UrNunAva "he hid"

KAZIKA (laghu) acaH parAH saMyogAdayo nadarA dvir na bhavanti. nuzabdasya dvitvam. UrNunAva. UrNunuvatuH. UrNunuvuH.

The root undiSa means "want to wetten" and comes from und "wetten" + san.

The original rule does not mention b, but it is added by a vArttika, so that we get ubjijisati "wants to press down" from ubj "press down, opress".

pUrvo 'bhyAsaH PANINIRULES 61004
stammer is the first (part).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 572

When we replace one thing with two by the above rules, the first copy is called the stammer.

Example:

the stammer of papac is the first pa.

KAZIKA dve iti prathamantaM yadanuvartate tadarthAdiha SaSThyantaM jAyate. tatra pratyAsatterasmin prakaraNe ye dve vihite tayor yaH pUrvo 'vayavaH so 'bhyAsasaMjJo bhavati. papAca. pipakSati. pApacyate. juhoti. apIpacat. abhyAsapradezAs tu atra lopo 'bhyAsasya ityevam AdayaH.

ubhe: abhyastam PANINIRULES 61005
stammered are both.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 573

When we replace one part of a root with two by the above rules, the new root is a stammered.

Example. When ekAcodve replaces root pac with papac, by making one pa into two pa,

the stammer is the first pa

and the stammered is papac

There are two sorts of stammered --

(1) Those made by this rule (such as papac).

(2) Those mentioned in the next rule, jakSityA (such as jAgR).

KAZIKA dve iti vartamAne ubhegrahaNaM samudAyasaJjApratipattyartham. ye eve vihite te ubhe api samudite abhyastasaMjJe bhavataH. dadati. dadat. dadhatu. ubhegrahaNaM kim? nenijati ityatra abhyastAnAm AdiH iti samudAye udAttatvaM yathA syAt, pratyekaM paryAyeNa vA mA bhUtiti. abhyastapradezAH abhyastAnAm AdiH 6-1-189 ityevam AdayaH.

jakSityAdayaH SaT PANINIRULES 61006
jakSa~ jAgR daridrA cakAsR zAsu dIdhIG vevIG (are stammered).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 574

These seven special roots, called jakSAdi roots, are stammered just because this rule says so, even though they weren't made by reduplicating other roots.

All seven of them are lukclass.

Being a stammered makes rule adabhyastAt work. Examples --

jAgR + laT jhi jAgR ( stammered ) + ati''' →ikoyaNaci jAgrati "they are awake"

jAgR + laT tip →jAgrovi jAgarti "is awake"

zAs + laT jhi zAs ( stammered ) + ati''' →adabhyastAt zAs + ati''' → zAsati "they command"

zAs + laT tip → zAsti "he commands"

Being stammered also prohibits the num from nAbhyastAccha. So we say daridratam "(him) that is poor", not daridrantam --

daridratamM brAhmaNamM pazyAmi "I can see that the brahmin is poor"

Even though these seven are stammered, they have no stammer, because they do not come from reduplicating anything else. Therefore, liTidhA does work on them --

jAgR + Nal jajAgAra "he woke up"

KAZIKA abhyastam iti vartate. jakSa ity ayaM dhAtuH ityAdayazca anye SaT dhAtavaH abhyasta-saMjJA bhavanti. seyaM saptAnAM dhAtUnAm abhyasta-saMjJA vidhIyate. jakSa bhakSahasanyoH ityataH prabhRti vevIG vetinA tulye iti yAvat. jakSati. jAgrati. daridrati. cakAsati. zAsati. dIdhyate, vevyate ityatra abhyastAnAm AdiH ityeSa svaraH prayojanam. dIdhyat iti ca zatari vyatyayena sampAdite n' .AbhyastAc chatuH iti numaH pratiSedhaH.

You might be asking yourself why the rule is not worded as jakSityAdayasH sapta. Thing is, pANini forgot about vevIG. Aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus, as we say in the South.

liTi dhAtor an-abhyAsasya PANINIRULES 61008
Before liT, ( reduplicate) stammer-less root.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 575

Roots reduplicate before liT. Unless they are already reduplicated.

Examples --

pac + liT tip → pac + Nal →ata::upa pAc + Nal pApAca →hrasvaH papAca "he cooked"

kSip + Nal →puganta kSep + Nal kSekSepa →halAdizzeSaH kekSepa →hrasvaH kikSepa →kuhozcuH cikSepa "threw"

vac + Nal →ata::upa vAc + a vA + vAc + a →liTyabhyAsa uvAca "said"

Even though the jakSAdi are stammered roots, they were never reduplicated, so they are stammerless and this rule does work on them --

jAgR + Nal →acoJNiti jAgAr + Nal jAjAgAr + a →hrasvaH jajAgAra "woke up"

Notice that the root never gets zap za etc before liT affixes. That's because kartarizap, tud'-AdibhyaH zaH etc. only work before hard, and liT replacers are soft .

See also exception kAspratyayA.

KAZIKA liTi parato 'nabhyAsasya dhAtor avayavasya prathamasya ekAco dvitIyasya vA yathAyogaM dve bhavataH. papAca. papATha. prorNunAva. vAcya UrNorNuvadbhAvaH iti vacanAdUrNoteH ijAdeH iti Am na bhavati. liTi iti kim? kartA. hartA. dhAtoH iti kim? sasRvAMso vizRNvire ima indrAya sunvire anabhyAsasya iti kim? kRSNo nonAva vRSabho yadIdam nonUyaternonAva. samAnyA marutaH saMmimikSuH. liTi usantaH. dvirvacana-prakaraNe chandasi v'' .eti vaktavyam. yo jAgAra tamRcaH kAmayante. dAti priyANi iti.

Why do we say "unless they are already reduplicated"? The root nu "shout", with yaGluk added, makes --

nu + yaG →sanyaGoH nu + nu + yaG →a-kRt;sArvadhAtukayordIrghaH nu + nU + yaG →!!yagoci nunU →guNoyaGlukoH nonU

This nonU is also a root, by !!sanAdyanta. When adding liT to this root, liTidhA will not work, so the perfect is --

nonU + liT Nal →acoJNiti nonau + Nal →ecoya nonAva

as in

A te suparNA aminantaM evaiH kRSNo nonAva vRSabho yadIdam " Thy well-winged flashes strengthen in their manner, when the black Bull hath bellowed round about us. "

( Rgveda 1.079.02a )

san;yaGoH PANINIRULES 61009
( reduplicate) before san and yaG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 576

Examples --

pac + san + laT tip papakSa + ti →sanyataH pipakSa + ti → pipakSa + zap + ti →atoguNe pipakSati "wants to cook"

yudh + san yuyutsa "be about to fight"

The reduplication before yaG is weird, see reduplication before yaG and yaGluk .

pac + yaG + laT ta pa + pac + yaG + ta →dIrghokitaH pApacya + ta → pApacya + te''' → pApacyate "cooks a lot, is always cooking"

KAZIKA dhAtoranabhyAsasya iti vartate. sanyaGoH iti ca SaSThyantam etat. sanantasya yaGantasya ca anabhyAsasya dhAtoravayavasya prathamasya ekAco dvitIyasya vA yathAyogaM dve bhavataH. pipakSati. pipatiSati. aririSati. undidiSati. yaGantasya pApacyate. aTATyate. yAyajyate. arAryate. prorNonUyate. anabhyAsasya ityeva jugupsiSate. lolUyiSate.

zlau PANINIRULES 61010
( reduplicate) before zlummmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 577

The zluclass roots get zlu added instead of zap. Then the zlu reduplicates the root by this rule, and disappears by pratyayasyaluk;zlu;lupaH.

hu + laT tip → hu + zlu + tip hu + hu + zlu + tip →pratyayasyaluk;zlu;lupaH hu hu tip →hardsoft hu + ho + ti →kuhozcuH juhoti "sacrifices"

bhI + laT jhi bibhI + jhi → bibhI + ati''' →ikoyaNaci bibhyati "they fear"

bhI + laT tip →hardsoft bhe + ti bebhe + ti →hrasvaH bibheti "fears"

dA + laT tip dA + dA + tip →hrasvaH dadAti "gives"

dA + laT jhi dadA + jhi → dadA + ati''' →znAbhya dadati "they give"

Back to verb classes .

KAZIKA zlau parataH anabhyAsasya dhAtor avayavasya prathamasya ekAco dvitiyasya vA yathAyogaM dve bhavataH. juhoti. bibheti. jihneti.

caGi PANINIRULES 61011
( reduplicate) before caGmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 578 luG

The caG affix appears in some luG. Examples --

dru + luG tip →Nizridrusru dru + caG + tip →luGlaG aT + dru + caG + tip → a + dru + caG + t''' aT + dudru + caG + t''' → adudruvat "ran"

pAci + luG tip apIpacat "he made (them) cook"

kAmi + luG tip acIkamat

narti + luG tip anInRtat

cori + luG tip acUcurat

nAyi + luG tip anInayat

The caGi reduplication has some peculiarities --

every vowel except u U reduplicates as i, by sanvalla

The Nic affix disappears by NeraniTi,

the root vowel shortens by NaucaGyu,

and the vowel of the stammer is often long -- I or U by sanvalla sanyataH dIrgholaghoH.

KAZIKA caGi parato 'nabhyAsasya dhAtoravayavasya prathamasya ekAco dvitIyasya vA yathAyogam dve bhavataH. apIpacat. apIpaThat. ATiTat. Azizat. Ardidat. pacAdInAM NyanatAnAm caGi kRte NilopaH, upadhAhrasvatvaM, dvirvacanam ityeSAM kAryANAM pravRttikramaH. tathA ca sanvallaghuni caGpare iti sanvadbhAvo vidhIyamAno hrasvasya sthAnivadbhAvAn na pratiSidhyate. yo hyanAdiSTAdacaH pUrvaH tasya vidhiM prati sthAnivadbhAvo bhavati. na ca asmin kAryANAM krameNAniSTAdacaH pUrvo 'bhyAso bhavati iti. ATiTatiti dvirvacane 'ci 11059 iti sthAnivadbhAvAt dvitIyasya ekAcaH dvirvacanaM bhavati.

vaci;svapi;yajAdInAM kiti PANINIRULES 61015
( stretch) vac, svap, yaj-class before kit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 579 stretch

The yaj-class roots are the last nine of the zapclass from 01.1157 yaj onwards, namely --

yaj vap vah

vas' veJ vyeJ

hveJ vad zvi "swell"

Examples of vac svap yaj-class stretching before kit --

vac + kta ucta →coHkuH ukta- "said"

svap + kta supta- "asleep, slept"

yaj + kta ij- + ta →vrazca;bhrasja iS + ta →STunA iSTa- "was sacrificed"

yaj + liT mas → yaj + ma →kRsR yaj + ima →asaMyogAlliTkit yaj + ima(k) ij + ima →liTidhA i + ij + ima →akassa Ijima "we sacrificed"

These roots stretch only before kit affixes, and not before Git affixes. So here, before the Git affixes jhi and caG, the v and y stay unchanged --

vac + laT jhi → vac + anti''' → vacanti "they say"

vac + laT jhi → svap + anti''' → svapanti "they sleep"

yaj + Nic + luG mas →ata_upa yAji + mas →cliluGi yAji + cli + mas → yAji + caG + mas →caGi ya + yAji + caG mas →sanvalla yiyAji + caG + mas →NeraniTi yiyAj + caG + mas →NaucaGyu yiyaj + caG + mas →dIrgholagho yIyaj + caG + mas →nityaGGitaH yIyaj + a + ma''' →atodIrgho yIyajAma →luGlaG ayIyajAma "we sacrificed"

KAZIKA samprasAraNam iti vartate. SyaGaH iti nivRttam. vaci vaca paribhASaNe, bruvo vaciH iti ca. svapi JiSvapa zaye. yajAdayaH yaja deva-pUjA-saMgati-karanadAnesu ityataH prabhRti AgaNAntAH. teSAM vacisvapi yajAdInAM kiti pratyaye parataH samprasAraNam bhavati. vaci uktaH. uktavA. svapi suptaH. suptavAn. yaja iSTaH. iSTavAn. vapa uptaH. uptavAn. vaha UDhaH. UDhavAn. vasa uSitaH. uSitavAn. veJutaH. utavAn. vyeJ saMvItaH ( halaH). saMvItavAn. hveJ AhUtavAn. vada uditaH. uditavAn. Tuozvi zUnaH. zUnavAn. dhAtoH svarUpa-grahaNe tatpratyayekAryaM vijJAyate. teneha na bhavati, vAcyate, vAcikaH iti.

This rule will work on the regular vac of the lukclass and also on the vac that replaces brU by bruvovaciH.

This rule will not work before kit affixes that are not root affixes, for instance kyac and Thak. This comes from dhAtosH svarUpagrahaNe tatpratyayekAryaM vijJAyate, a talkaround that says that rules that mention explicit roots only work before root affixes.

grahi;jyA;vayi; vyadhi;vaSTi;vicati; vRzcati;pRcchati;bhRjjatInAM Giti ca PANINIRULES 61016
( stretch) grah jyA vay, vyadh vaz vyac, vrazc pracch bhrasj before kGit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 580 stretch

The nine grahijyA roots are --

grah "grab, take" jyA "grow old" vay

( this vay is the optional substitute of veJ made by veJo vayiH before liT. )

vyadh "pierce" vaz "command, coerce" vyac

vrazc "cut down" pracch "ask" bhrasj "fry"

These stretch before kit and Git affixes, so their ra ya va become R i u.

Examples of stretching before the kit affixes ktvA and kta --

grah + ktvA gRh + tvA →ArdhadhAtukasyeDvalAdeH gRh + itvA →graholiTi gRhItvA "after taking"

jyA + kta ji + kta →lvAdi ji + na →halaH jIna- "grown old"

Examples of stretching before znA jhi za (these are Git because of rule hard apit is Git ) --

grah + laT tip → grah + znA + tip gRhnAti →Natvam gRhNAti "grabs"

jyA + znA + tip jinAti "grows old"

vaz + jhi → vaz + anti''' uzanti "they command"

vrazc + za + tip vRzca + tip → vRzcati "cuts down"

pracch + za + tip pRccha + tip → pRcchati "asks"

KAZIKA graha upAdAne, jyA vayohAnau, veJo vayiH, vyadha tADane, vaza kAntau, vyac vyAjIkaraNe, ovrazcU chedane, praccha jJIpsAyAm, bhrasja pAke ityeteSAM dhAtUnAM GIti pratyaye parataH cakArAt kati ca saMprasAraNaM bhavati. graha gRhItaH. gRhItavAn. Giti gRhNAti jarIgRhyate. jyA jInaH. jInavAn. lvAdibhya iti niSThAnatvam. Giti jinAti. jejIyate. halaH iti samprasAraNadIrghe kRte pvAdInAM iti hrasvaH kriyate. vayi liTi parataH veJo vayiH AdezaH, tasya GidabhAvAt kidevodAhriyate. UyatuH. UyuH. yadyevaM vayigrahaNam anarthakam, yajAdiSu veJ paThyate? na evaM zakyam. liTi tasya veJaH iti pratiSedho vakSyate, tatra yathA eva sthAnivadbhAvAd vyervidhiH evaM pratiSedho 'pi prApnoti? na eSa doSaH. liTi vayo yaH iti yakArasya saMprasAraNapratiSedhAd vayervidhau grahaNaM pratiSedhe cAgrahaNam anumAsyate? satyam etat. eSa eva arthaH sAkSAn nirdezena vyeH spaSTIkriyate. vyadha viddhaH. viddhavAn. Giti vidhyati. vevidhyate. vaza uzitaH. uzitavAn. Giti uSTaH. uzanti. vyaca vicitaH. vicitavAn. Giti vicati. vevicyate. vyaceH kuTAditvamanasi pratipAditam, tena sarvatra aJNiti pratyaye samprasAraNaM bhavati, udvicitA, udvicitum, udvicitavyam iti. vrazceH vRkNaH. vRkNavAn. atha katham atra kutvaM, vrazcabhrasja iti hi Satvena bhavitavyam? niSThAdezaH SatvasvarapratyayavidhIDvidhiSu siddho vaktavyaH. tatra StvaM prati natvasya siddhatvAd jJalAdir niSThA na bhavati. kutve tu kartavye tadasiddham eva iti pravartate kutvam. Giti vRzcati. varIvRzcyate. praccha pRSTaH. pRSTavan. Giti pRcchati. parIpRchyate. praznaH. naGi tu prazne c' Asanna-kAle iti nipAtanAdasaMprasAraNam. bhrasja bhRSTaH. bhRSTavAn. Giti bhRjjati. barIbhRjyate. sakArasya jhalAM jaz jhazi iti jaztvena dakAraH, stoH zcunA zcuH iti zcutvena jakAraH.

liTy abhyAsasy%obhayeSAm PANINIRULES 61017
Before liT, ( stretch) stammer of the vacisvapi and the grahijyA.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 581 stretch

This rule is only necessary when the liT is akit, as in --

vac + Nal →acoJNiti vAc + Nal →liTidhA vA + vAc + a u + vAc + a → uvAca "he said"

yaj + Nal yA + yAj + Nal i + yAj + Nal → iyAja "he sacrificed"

When the liT replacer is kit, this rule does not get to work, because the root gets stretched by vacisvapi or grahijyA before it reduplicates --

vac + us →vacisvapi uc + us →liTidhA u + uc + us →akassa Ucus "they said"

This rule works before halAdizzeSaH can work --

vyac + Nal →ata_up vyAc + a vya + vyac + Nal vivyAca "it extended"

vyadh + Nal vivyAdha "he pierced"

KAZIKA ubhayeSAM vacyAdInAM grahyAdInAM ca liTi parato 'bhyAsasya samprasAraNaM bhavati. vaci uvAca. uvacitha. svapi suSvApa. suSvapitha. yaja iyAja. iyajitha. Duvap uvApa. uvapitha. grahyAdInAm tatra graher avizeSaH. jagrAha. jagrahitha. jyA jijyau. jijyitha. vayi uvAya. uvayitha. vyadha vivyAdha. vivyadhitha. vaza uvAza. uvazitha. vyaca vivyAca. vivyacitha. vRzcateH satyasati vA yoge na asti vizeSaH. yogArambhe tu sati yadi samprasAraNam akRtvA halAdizeSeNa repho nivartyate, tadA vakArasya samprasAraNaM prApnoti. atha rephasya samprasAraNaM kRtvA uradatvaM raparatvaM ca kriyate, tadAnI muradatvasya sthAnivadbhAvAt na samprasAraNe samprasAraNam iti pratiSedho bhavati ity asti vizeSaH. vavrazca. vavrazcitha. pRcchati bhRjjatyoravizeSaH. akidarthaM ca idam abhyAsasya samprasAraNaM vidhIyate. kiti hi paratvAd dhAtoH samprasAraNe kRte punaH prasaGgavijJAnAd dvirvacanam, UcatuH, UcuH iti. adhikArAdeva ubhayeSAM grahaNe siddhe punarubhayeSAm iti vacanaM halAdiH zeSam api bAdhitvA samprasAraNam eva yathA syAd iti. vivyAdha.

As of 2024, inria conjugation says that vyac + Nal makes vavyAca. That's a bug.

svapi;syami;vyeJAM yaGi PANINIRULES 61019
( stretch) svap syam vyeJ before yaG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 582

Only examples --

svap + yaG sup + ya →sanyaGoH susupya →guNoyaGlukoH sosupya →kric soSupya "sleep like a log"

syam + yaG sim + ya sesimya "shout like crazy"

vyeJ + yaG vi + ya →akRtsArva vI + ya →sanyaGoH vIvIya →guNoyaGlukoH vevIya "do lots of hiding"

KAZIKA JiSvapa zaye, syamu, svana, dhvana zabde, vyeJ saMvaraNe ityeteSAM dhAtUnAM yaGi parataH samprasAraNaM bhavati. soSupyate. sesimyate. vevIyate. yaGi iti kim? svapnak.

na samprasAraNe samprasAraNam PANINIRULES 61037
No stretching before stretched.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 583 stretch

talkaround -- When any rule tells us to stretch anything that has several yaN (such as yuvan or vyadh), only the last yaN will be stretched.

Example. When rule zva;yuva tells us to stretch yuvan-, the va is stretched into u, but the yu stays --

yuvan + TA yu + un + A →akassa yUn + A → yUnA "with the young man"

KAZIKA samprasArane parataH pUrvasya yaNaH samprasAraNaM na bhavati. vyadha viddhaH. vyaca vicitaH. vyeJ saMvItaH. ekayogalakSanam api samprasAraNam ata eva vacanAt prathamaM parasya yaNaH kriyate, pUrvasya ca prasaktaM pratiSidhyate. samprasAraNam iti vartamAne punaH samprasAranagrahaNaM videzasthasya api samprasAraNasya pratiSedho yathA syAtiti. zvayuvamaghonAm ataddhite yUnaH. yUnA. samprasAraNagrahaNasAmarthyAteva pUrvasya pratiSedhe vaktavye svarNadIrghatvam ekAdezo na sthAnivad bhavati. sati vA sthAnivattve vyavadhAnametAvadAzrayiSyate. Rci treruttarapadAdilopaz chandasi. Rci parataH treH samprasAraNam bhavati uttarapadAdilopazca chandasi viSaye. tisra RcaH yasmin tat tRcaM sUktam. tRcaM sAma. RkpUrabdhUHpathAmAnakSe iti samAsAntaH. chandasi ti kim? tyRcaM karma. rayermatau bahulam. rayizabdasya chandasi viSaye matau parato bahulaM samprasAraNaM bhavati. A revAnetu no vizaH. na ca bhavati. rayimAn puSTivardhanaH.

liTi vayo yaH PANINIRULES 61038
The y of vay (does not stretch).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 584

vay is the optional substitute of veJ made by veJo vayiH before liT. The previous rule would stretch its second yaN, the y, but because of this exception, the y stays, the v stretches, and we say uvAya, Uyatus, Uyus "wove" --

veJ + Nal →veJovayiH vay + Nal →ata_upa vAy + Nal →liTidhA vA + vAy + a →liTyabhyAsa uvAya "he wove"

veJ + liT jhi → veJ + us →veJovayiH vay + us →grahijyA uy + us →liTidhA u + uy + us →akassa Uyus "they wove"

KAZIKA na samprasAraNam iti anuvartate. liTi parato vayo yakArasya samprasAraNaM na bhavati. uvAya, UyatuH, UyuH. liD-grahaNam uttar%Artham.

vaz c' .Asy' .AnyatarasyAM kiti PANINIRULES 61039
This (y) to v before kit ( liT) optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 585

So instead of the Uyatus Uyus made by the previous rule, we may also say Uvatus Uvus.

This rule won't work before akit liT, so we say uvAya "he wove", uvAyitha "thou wovedest" compulsorily.

KAZIKA asya vayo yakArasya kiti liTi parato vakArAdezo bhavati anyatarasyAm. UvatuH, UvuH. UyatuH, UyuH. kiti iti kim? uvAya. uvayitha.

veJaH PANINIRULES 61040
veJ (does not stretch before liT)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 586

veJ before liT turns into vA by Adeca_u. This exception prevents liTyabhyAsa and vacisvapi, and therefore this vA reduplicates as if it were dA making dadau dadatus dadus --

veJ + Nal →Adeca_u vA + Nal vavau "he wove"

vavatus

vavus

See dadau, dadatus, dadus in the hedgehog for details of the rules that worked here.

KAZIKA liTi ityanuvartate. veJ tantusantAne ityasya dhAtoH liti parataH samprasAraNaM na bhavati. vavau, vavatuH, vavuH. kiti yajAditvAt dhAtoH prAptam akityapi liTyabhyAsasya ubhayeSAm 61017 ityabhyAsasya, ataH ubhayaM pratiSidhyate.

lyapi ca PANINIRULES 61041
( veJ gets no stretching) before lyapmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 587

Exception to vacisvapi. lyap is kit because it replaced ktvA.

Example --

pra + veJ + lyap →Adeca_u pravAya "after starting to weave"

KAZIKA veJaH ity anuvartate. lyapi ca parto veJaH samprasAraNaM na bhavati. pravAya. upavAya. pRthagyogakaraNam uttar%Artham.

vyaz ca PANINIRULES 61043
vyA (is not stretched before lyap)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 589

Exception to vacisvapi, that would have stretched vyeJ "hide" because lyap is kit.

Example --

pra + vye + lyap →Adeca_u pra + vyA + lyap pravyAya "after starting to hide"

KAZIKA lyapi ity eva. vyeJ saMvaraNe ity etasya dhAtoH lyapi parataH samprasAraNaM na bhavati. pravyAya. upavyAya. yoga-vibhAgaH uttar%ArthaH.

vibhASA pareH PANINIRULES 61044
(vyA stretches) optionally after pari (before lyap).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 590

So ordinarily vacisvapi, because of previous rule, will not stretch the vyA that comes from vyeJ --

pari + vyA + lyap →Adeca_u parivyAya "after wrapping"

But if we take this option --

pari + vyA + lyap →vacisvapi pari + vi + ya →halaH parivIya "after wrapping"

KAZIKA lyapi ca vyaz ca iti anuvartate. parer uttarasya vyeJ ity etasya dhAtoH lyapi parataH vibhASA samprasAraNaM na bhavati. parivIya yUpam, parivyAya. samprasAraNe kRte parapUrvatve ca hrasvasya iti tuka prApnoti, sa halaH 64002 iti dIrghatvena paratvAd bAdhyate.

Ad eca upadeze '-ziti PANINIRULES 61045
dhAtupATha ec to A unless before zit.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 591

The roots that end in an ec in the dhAtupATha, like gai and so, replace it with A before all affixes except the zit affixes.

Examples --

gai + tumun gAtum "to sing"

gai + kta gA + kta →ghumAsthAgA gIta- "sung, song"

Counterexamples before zit --

gai + zap + tip →ecoya gAyati "he sings"

gai + zatR → gAyat- "singing"

In other words, the root is actually gA, but it is listed as gai in the dhAtupATha just to show tat gA + zap adds up to gAya.

KAZIKA dhAtoH iti vartate. ejanto yo dhAturupadeze tasya akArAdezo bhavati, ziti tu pratyaye na bhavati. glai glAtA. glAtum. glAtavyam. zo nizAtA. nizAtum. nizAtavyam. ecaH iti kim? kartA. hartA. upadeze iti kim? cetA. stotA. aziti iti kim? glAyati. mlAyati. kathaM jagle, mamle? na evaM vijJAyate, zakAra id yasya so 'yaM zititi, kiM tarhi, za eva it zit. tatra yasmin vidhistadAdAvalgrahaNe iti zidAdau pratyaye pratiSedhaH. ez zakArAnto bhavati. aziti iti prasajyapratiSedho 'yam, tena etadAttvam anaimittikaM prAgeva pratyayotpatter bhavati iti, suglaH, sumlaH iti Atazcopasarge iti kapratyayaH, suglAnaH, sumlAnaH iti Ato yuc ity evam Adi siddham bhavatIti. AkArAdhikArastvayaM nityaM samyateH 61057 iti yAvat.

This rule does not work before ez. By zit, pANini meant "affixes that have label z at the start", not just "affixes that have label z".

mlai + ez mamle "he withered away"

bibheter hetu-bhaye PANINIRULES 61056
(Optionally) bhI (to A before Ni) when meaning fear of the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 592

Only example --

bhI "be afraid" + Nic bhA + i →arttihrI bhApi "intimidate"

as in --

muNDo bhApayate "the skinhead frightens"

(we got bent ending by bhIsmyor hetubhaye)

This rule is optional, so we may say instead --

muNDo bhISayate "the skinhead frightens"

where rule bhiyohetubhayeSuk worked.

KAZIKA Nau iti vartate, vibhASA iti ca. heturiha pAribhASikaH svatantrasya prayojakaH, tato yad bhayam, sa yasya bhayasya sAkSAd hetuH, tadbhayam hetubhayam. tatra vartamAnasya JibhI bhaye ityasya dhAtoH Nau parataH vibhASA AkArAdezo bhavati. muNDo bhApayate, muNDo bhISayate. jaTilo bhApayate, jaTilo bhISayate. bhIsmyor hetubhaye ity Atmanepadam. bhiyo hetubhaye Suk 73040. sa ca AttvapakSe na bhavati. libhiyoH IkAraprazleSanirdezAdIkArAntasya bhiyaH Suk vidhIyate. hetubhaye iti kim? kuJcikayainaM bhAyayati. atra hi kuJcikAto bhayaM karaNAt, na hetor devadattAt.

nityaM smayateH PANINIRULES 61057
(ai) of smi plus Nic (to A, when meaning fear of cause).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 593

smi before Nic turns into smai by acoJNiti, then into smA by this rule, and then into smAp by arttihrI --

smi + Nic + laT ta → smi + Nic + te''' →acoJNiti smai + i + te → smai + i + zap + te smA + i + ate → smAp + i + ate →hardsoft smAp + e + ate →ecoya smApayate "intimidates"

KAZIKA Nau iti vartate, hetubhaye iti ca. nityagrahaNAd vibhASA iti nivRttam. SmiGISaddhasane ityasya dhAtoH hetubhaye 'rthe Nau parato nityamakArAdezo bhavati. muNDo vismApayate. jaTilo vismApayate. bhaye iti kim? kuJcikayA enaM vismAyayati. bhayazabdena hetvarthasAmAnyA, iha smayaterartho 'bhidhIyate. na hi mukhye bhaye smayater vRttir asti.

sRji;dRzor jhaly am akiti PANINIRULES 61058
sRj dRz get a(m) before akit seriousmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 594

"Get a(m)" means that their R turns into ra (see midaco, ikoyaNaci).

Examples --

dRz + tumun dRaz + tum →ikoyaNaci draz + tum →vrazcabhrasja draS + tum →STunA draSTum "to see"

dRz + tRc dRaz + tR draSTR- "seer"

dRz + luG tip →luGlaG adRz + tip → adRz + sic + tip adRaz + s + tip →ikoyaNaci adraz + s + tip → adraz + s + t''' →sicivRddhiH adrAz + s + t → adrAz + s + It'' →vrazca;bhrasja adrASsIt →SaDhoHkassi adrAkSIt "saw"

dRz + lRT tip → dRz + sya + tip dRaz + sya + ti →ikoyaNaci draz + syati →vrazca;bhrasja draSsyati →SaDhoHkassi drakSyati "he will see"

Before kit, we get neither this rule nor puganta --

dRz- + kta → dRSTa-

and before akit non- serious, we get puganta as usual --

dRz + lyuT →yuvoranAkau dRz + lanaT →puganta darzana- "seeing"

KAZIKA sRja visarge, dRzir prekSaNe ityetayoH dhAtvoH jJalAdAvakiti pratyaye parataH am Agamo bhavati. sraSTA. sraSTum. sraSTavyam. draSTA. draSTum. draSTavyam. laghUpadhaguNApavAdo 'yam amAgamaH. asrAkSIt. adrAkSIt. sici vRddhiH ami kRte bhavati, pUrvaM tu bAdhyate. jJali iti kim? sarjanam. darzanam. akiti iti kim? sRSTaH. dRSTaH. dhAtoH svarUpagrahaNe tatprataye kAryavijJAnAdiha na bhavati, rajjusRDbhyAm, devadRgbhyAm iti.

dRz + kvip does not get a in devadRgbhyAm "with two god-seers". That's because this rule mentions sRj and dRz explicitly, and rules that mention particular roots work only before verb affixes, not before noun affixes .

anudAttasya ca @rdupadhasy/AnyatarasyAm PANINIRULES 61059
The grave roots that have nexttolast R, optionally (get a(m) before akit serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 595

"Get a(m)" means that their R turns into ra.

These are some roots like tRp dRp and spRz.

tRp + tRc traptR- "who is satisfied"

The rule is optional, so we may also say

tRp + tRc →hardsoft tarptR-

and tRp dRp can take iT by radhAdibhyazca, so we may also say

tRp + tRc →radhAdibhyazca tRp + itR →hardsoft tarpitR-

Another example --

spRz + sya + tip spraz + sya + ti →vrazca;bhrasja spraS + sya + ti →SaDhoHkaHsi sprakSyati "he will touch"

KAZIKA upadeze iti vartate, jJalyam akiti iti ca. upadeze 'nudAttasya dhAtoH RkAropadhasya jJalAdAvakiti pratyaye parato 'nyatarasyAm amAgamo bhavati. traptA, tarpitA, tarptA. draptA, darpitA, darptA. tRpa prINane, dRpa harSamocanayoH, ityetau radhAdI dhatU, tayoH iDAgamaH radhAdibhyazca 72045 iti vikalpyate. anudAttopadezaH punaramartha eva. anudAttasya iti kim? varDhA, varDhum, varDhavyam. vRhU udyamane ityayam udAttopadezaH UditvAccAsyeD vikalopyate. Rdupadhasya iti kim? bhettA. chettA. jJali ityeva, tarpaNam. darpaNam. akiti ityeva, tRptaH. dRptaH.

zIrSaMz chandasi PANINIRULES 61060
zIrzan- appears in the vedammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 596

The vedic zIrzan- is a synonym of ziras- "head", not a replacement of the word ziras-.

As in Rgveda 10:90:1 --

sahasrazIrSA puruSasH sahasrAkSasH sahasrapAt "the person has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet"

In the laukika we must use ziras- instead.

KAZIKA zIrSann iti zabd%AntaraM ziraH-zabdena samAn%ArthaM chandasi viSaye nipAtyate, na punar ayam AdezaH ziraHzabdasya. zo 'pi hi chandasi prayujyata eva. zIrSNA hi tatra somaM krItaM haranti. yatte zIrSNo daurbhAgyam. chandasi iti kim? ziraH.

pad-dan@-no- mAs-hRn@-niz- asan-yUSan-doSan- yakaJ-chakann-udann-AsaJ chas-prabhRtiSu PANINIRULES 61063
Before zas etc, replace with pad dat nas mAs hRd niz asan yUSan doSan yakan zakan udan Asanmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 597

According to the mahAbhASya, these thirteen are supposed to replace --

pAda danta nAsikA mAsa hRdaya

nizA asRj yUSa dos yakRt

zakRt udaka Asya

though the kAzikA says that Asan replaces Asana, not Asya.

Examples --

nizA + Gi niz + i → nizi "at night"

hRdaya + Gi hRd + i → hRdi "in the heart"

Saying hRdaye rox too, as this rule is optional because the word anyatarasyAm trickles from anudAttasyaca.

There are some restrictions to these substitutions. For instance, udan usually only replaces udaka in compounds.

KAZIKA pAda danta nAsikA mAsa hRdaya nizA asRj yUSa doSa yakRt zakRt udaka Asana ityeteSAM zabdAnAM sthAne zasprabhRtipratyayeSu parataH pad dat nas mAs hRd nizasan yUSan doSan yakan zakan udan Asan ityete AdezAH yathAsaGkhyaM bhavanti. pad nipadazcaturo jahi. padA vartaya goduham. pAdaH pat dat yA dato dhAvate tasyai zyAvadan. nas sUkarastvA khanannasA. mAs mAsi tvA pazyAmi cakSuSA. hRd hRdA pUtaM manasA jAtavedo. niz amAvAsyAyAM nizi yajet. asan asikto 'snA 'varohati. yUSan yA pAtrANi yUSNa AsecanAni. doSan yatte doSNo daurbhAgyam. yakan yakno 'vadyati. zakan zakno 'vadyati. udan udno divyasya no dehi. Asan Asani kiM labhe madhUni. zasprabhRtiSu iti kim? pAdau te pratipIDyau. nAsike te kRze. kecid atra chandasi ity anuvartayanti. apare punar avizeSeNa icchanti. tathA hi bhASAyAm api pad-AdayaH zabdAH prayujyante. vyAyAmakSuNNagAtrasya padbhyAm udvartitasya ca. vyAdhayo nopasarpanti vainateyam ivoragAH. ityevam AdayaH. anyatarasyAm ityetadanuvartayanti. tena pAdAdayo 'pi prayujyante. zasprabhRtiSu iti prakArArthe prabhRtizabda iti zalA doSaNI ityatra api doSannAdezo bhavati. padAdiSu mAMspRtsnUnAm upasaGkhyAnam. mAMsa pRtanA sAnu ityeteSAM sthAne yathAsaGkhyam mAMs pRt snu ityete AdezAH bhavanti. mAMspacanyA ukhAyAH. mAMsapacanyA iti prApte. pRtsu martyam. pRtanAsu martyam iti prApte. na te divo na pRthivyA adhisnuSu. adhisAnuSu iti prApte. nas nAsikAyA yattaskSudreSu. nAsikAyA nasbhAvo vaktavyaH yat tas kSudra ityeteSu parataH. nasyam. nastaH. naHkSuH. yati varNanagarayor na iti vaktavyam. nAsikyo varNaH. nAsikyaM nagaraM.

Some say that this rule should work only in the veda, because of trickle from zIrSaMzchandasi. But hRd is found quite often in the laukika.

dhAtvAdeH SaH saH PANINIRULES 61064
Rootstarter S to s.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 598

In other words: when the dhAtupATha shows a root that starts with S, the real root starts with s. Such a root is said to be a sa-root. The dhAtupATha lists these roots with S just to let us know that rule upasargAt works on them.

Examples. The roots sah "endure" and sic' "sprinkle" are Sa-roots, because the dhAtupATha lists them as Sah 01.0988 and Sic 06.0170. But they actually start with s, not S --

Sah + laT ta sah + ta sahate "endures"

Sic + laT tip sic' + tip sic + za + ti →zemucAdInAm siJcati "sprinkles"

abhi + Sic + laT tip abhi + sic' + tip abhi + sic + za + ti →zemucAdInAm abhisiJcati →upasargAt abhiSiJcati "consecrates as king"

KAZIKA dhAtorAdeH SakArasya sthAne sakArAdezo bhavati. Saha sahate. Sica siJcati. dhAtugrahaNaM kim? soDaza. SoDan. SaNDaH. SaDikaH. AdeH iti kim? kaSati. laSati. kRSati. Adeza pratyayayoH ity atra SatvavyavasthArtham SAdayo dhAtavaH kecidupadiSTAH. ke punas te? ye tathA paThyante. athavA lakSaNaM kriyate, ajdantyaparAH sAdayaH SopadezAH smisvidisvadisvaJjisvapitayazca, sRpisRjistRstyAsekSRvarjam. subdhAtuSThivuSvaSkatInAM satvapratiSedho vaktavyaH. SoDIyati. SaNDIyati. SThIvati. SvaSkate. SThivu ityasya dvitIyasthakAraSThakArazca iSyate. tena teSThIvyate, TeSThIvyate iti ca abhyAsarUpaM dvidhA bhavati.

No naH PANINIRULES 61065
(Rootstarter) N to n.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 599

The Nopadeza roots ("the ones taught with Na") are those that start with N in the dhAtupATha, such as nI "lead" (this nI appears listed as NI(G) in the dhAtupATha).

This rule teaches that we must always replace the initial   N of a root with n. Example --

NI(G) + kta nI + ta → nIta- "was led"

In other words: this rule says that no roots actually start with N, an that those that appear to start with N in the dhAtupATha, actually start with n. They are listed with N just to tell us that rule upasargAdasamAse 'pi Nopadezasya works on them.

All of the n-starter roots are Nopadeza except nRtI~ nandi nardi nakka nATi nAthR nAdhR.

So with the root nRt(I) after pari we say parinRtyati "dances around", but nI appears as NIG in the dhAtupATha, so it is a Nopadeza root and we say pariNayati "leads around" after pari.

KAZIKA dhAtor AdeH ity anuvartate. dhAtor Ader NakArasya nakAra Adezo bhavati. NIJ nayati. Nama namati. Naha nahyati. dhAtvAdeH ity eva, aNati. sub-dhAtor ayam api neSyate, NakAram icchati NakArIyati. upasargAdasamAse 'pi Nopadezasya ity atra Natva-vidher vyavasthArthaM NAdayo dhAtavaH kecid upadiSyante. ke punas te? ye tathA paThyante. athavA lakSaNaM kriyate, sarve NAdayo NopadezAH, nRtI-nandi-nardi-nakka-nATi-nAthR-nAdhR-varjam.

lopo v;yor vali PANINIRULES 61066
v y to lopa before val.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 600

Examples --

knUy + kta knUta- "already wet"

knUy + Nic + laT tip → knUy + puk + Nic + tip knU + p + Nic + tip →puganta knop + Nic + tip →kartarizap kNop + i + zap + tip →hardsoft knope + zap + tip →ecoya knopayati "wettens"

But that y stays before val letters, such as a of zap or y of yak --

knUy + zap + te''' → knUyate "it is wet"

knUy + yak + te''' → knUyyate "moisture happens"

KAZIKA dhAtor iti prakRtaM yat tad dhAtvAdeH iti punar dhAtugrahaNAn nivRttam. tena dhAtoradhAtozca vakArayakArayoH vali parato lopo bhavati. div didivAn,didivAMsau,didivAMsaH. UyI - Utam. knUyI - knUtam. godhAyA Dhrak. gaudheraH. paceran. yajeran. vakArasya - jIve radAnuk (da. u. 1.163) - jIradAnuH. sriveH - AsremANam. uNAdayo bahulam ( 33001) iti bahulavacanAc cchvoH zUDanunAsike ca iti UTh na bhavati. vali iti kim? Uyyate. knUyyate. pUrvaM lopagrahaNaM kim? verapRktalopAt pUrvaM vali lopo yathA syAt. kaNDUyateH kvip - kaNDUH. lolUyateH - lolUH. vrazcAdInAm upadezasAmarthyAt vali lopo na bhavati. vRzcati. vavrazca ity atra api hi samprasAraNa-halAdiHzeSayor bahiraGgatvAt prApnoti.

ver apRktasya PANINIRULES 61067
One-letter vi-affixes lose v.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 601

These are some of the affected vi affixes --

kvip kvin Nvi cvi

In these affixes the v is not a label, and all the other letters are labels.

So, these four lose v by this rule.

Example --

indrasya + ji + kvip →supodhA indra + ji + (k)v(ip) →hrasvasyapitikRtituk indrajitv indrajit- "defeater of indra"

This rule does not affect the v of the vi-affixes (k)vi(n) and (k)vi (two uNAdi affixes), because those are two-letter affixes --

dR + kvin → darvi- "wooden, a ladle"

jAgR + kvi → jAgRvi- "watchful, awake, kindled"

KAZIKA lopaH iti vartate. ver iti kvib-Adayo vizeSAnanubandhAnutsRjya sAmAnyena gRhyante. ver apRktasya lopo bhavati. brahmabhrUNavRtreSu kvip 62087. brahma-hA. mrUNahA. spRzo 'nudake kvin 62058. ghRtaspRk. tailaspRk. bhajo NviH. ardhabhAk. pAdabhAk. turIyabhAk. apRktasya iti kim? vRdRbhyAM kvin darviH. kR;gR;zR;sR;jAgRbhyaH kvi. jAgRviH.

hal;Gy;Abbhyo dIrghAt su;ti;sy;apRktaM hal PANINIRULES 61068
su s''' t''' (to lopa) after hal or long GI Ap.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 602

Examples of su to lopa after hal --

suhRd- + su suhRd →beforepause suhRt "friend"

rAjan- + su →sarvanAmasthAnecA rAjAns rAjAn →nalopaHprA rAjA "king"

Examples of su to lopa after GI Ap --

kukkuTI- + su kukkuTI "chicken"

sItA- + su sItA "pn"

In this situation the su does not become lopa, because zrI-, a rootnoun, has no GI and does not end in a consonant --

zrI- @f + su → zrIs "glory"

Examples of t''' s''' to lopa after hal ---

dviS + laG tip → aT + dveS + t''' → adveSt adveS →jhalAJjazonte adveD →beforepause adveT "he hated"

dviS + laG sip → aT + dveS + s''' → adveSs adveS →jhalAJjazonte adveD →beforepause adveT "you hated"

Why does the rule say " long"? Because otherwise this rule would work when gostri has shortened the GI or Ap. But the rule must not work there --

ati + khaTvA + su →gostriyor atikhaTva + su → atikhaTvas "one that no longer needs a bed"

KAZIKA lopa iti vartate. tadiha laukikena arthavat karmasAdhanaM draSTavyam. lupyate iti lopaH. halantAd, GyantAdAbantAc ca dIrghAt paraM su ti si ityetadapRktaM hal lupyate. halantAt sulopaH rAjA. takSA. ukhAsrat. parNadhvat. Gy-antAt kumArI. gaurI. zArGgaravI. AbantAt khaTvA. bahurAjA. kArISagandhyA. halantAdeva tilopaH silopazca. tatra tilopastAvat abibhar bhavAt. bhRJo laGi tipi zlau bhRJAmitityabhyAsasya ittvam. ajAgar bhabAn. silopaHabhino 'tra acchino 'tra. dasya rephaH. halGyAbbhyaH iti kim? grAmaNIH. senanIH. dIrghAtiti kim? niSkauzAmbiH. atikhaTvaH. sutisi iti kim? abhaitsIt. tipA sahacaritasya sizabdasya grahaNAt sico grahaNaM na asti. apRktam iti kim? bhinatti. chinatti. hali iti kim? bibheda. ciccheda. atha kimarthaM halantAt sutisinAM lopo vidhIyate, saMyogAntalopena eva siddham? na sidhyati. rAjA, takSA ity atra saMyogAnta-lopasya asiddhatvAn@ nalopo na syAt. ukhAsrat, parNadhvat ity atra apadantatvAd dattvaM ca na syAt. abhino 'tra ityatra ato ror aplutAd apluta ity ut-tvaM na syAt. abibhar bhavAn ity atra tu rAt sasya iti niyamAl lopa eva na syAt. saMyogAntasya lope hi nalop'-Adir na sidhyati. rAt tu te na eva lopaH syAd dhalas tasmAd vidhIyate.

eG;hrasvAt sambuddheH PANINIRULES 61069
After eG and short, (erase) calling.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 603

Examples after eG --

sItA- + calling →sambuddhauca sIte + s sIte "hey sItA"

kapi- + calling →hrasvasyaguNaH kape + s kape "hey monkey"

guru- + calling →hrasvasyaguNaH guro + s guro "hey teacher"

Examples after short --

rAma- + calling → rAma "hey rAma"

nadI- + calling →ambArtha nadi + s nadi "hey river goddess"

vadhU- + calling →ambArtha vadhu + s vadhu "hey young lady"

Counterexample. subhrU- is not a nadI, but an uvaG, so it has long U (which is neither eG nor short) before the calling --

subhrU- + calling → subhrUs "hey cutie"

Poets will sometimes say subhru, however, which sux. Even kAlidasa has --

yadi tu tava samAgame tathaivamM prasarati subhru tataH kRtI bhaveyam "if the night could pass so slowly when I'm with you, cutie, I'd be happy"

Back to rules that delete the calling .

KAZIKA lopaH iti vartate, haliti ca. apRktam iti na adhikriyate, tathA ca pUrvasUtre punarapRktagrahaNaM kRtam. eGantAt prAtipadikAt hrasvantAc ca paro hal lupyate sa cet sambuddher bhavati. eGantAt he agne. he vAyo. hrasvAntAt he devadatta. he nadi. he vadhu. he kuNDa. kuNDazabdAt ato 'm iti am. ami pUrvaH iti pUrvatve krte lahmAtrasya makArasya lopaH. he kataratityatra Didayam adDAdezaH, tatra Tilope sati hrasvAbhAvAn na asti sambuddhilopaH. eGgrahaNam kriyate sambuddhiguNabalIyastvAt.

hrasvasya piti kRti tuk PANINIRULES 61071
short gets tuk before pit kRt.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 604

In more words, the kRt affixes with p label, such as lyap kyap kvip, make the roots that end in a short get t.

Examples with lyap --

ni + kR + lyap ni + kR + t + ya → nikRtya "humiliates and"

pra + stu' + ktvA → pra + stu' + lyap prastutya "after praising in verse"

adhi + iG + lyap → adhI + lyap adhI + t + ya → adhItya "after studying"

Examples with kyap --

iN' + kyap itya- "which has to be gone to"

stu + kyap stutya- "praiseworthy"

Examples with kvip --

agnim + ci + kvip agnicit- "fire-pileupper, arranger of the (sacrificial) fire"

indram + ji + kvip indrajit- "the one who defeated indra"

pustakam + bhR + kvip pustakabhRt- "book-carrier (name of sarasvatI)"

The kvip enders do not get any feminine affix. The kyap-enders get ajAdyataSTAp.

KAZIKA piti kRti parato hrasvAntasya dhAtoH tugAgamo bhavati. agnicit. somasut. prakRtya. prahRtya. upastutya. hrasvasya iti kim? AlUya. grAmaNIH. piti iti kim? kRtam. hRtam. kRti iti kim? paTutaraH. paTutamaH. grAmaNi brAhmaNa-kulam ity atra hrasvasya bahir-aGgasya asiddhatvAt tug na bhavati.

taddhita affixes do not trigger this rule --

paTu- "sharp" + tarap → paTutara- "sharper"

This rule got to work on adhI above because Satva;tuko says that tuk rules, like this one, are blind to the changes made by akassa etc. Therefore this rule "thought" that adhI ends with short i, and added the t.

saMhitAyAm PANINIRULES 61072
Not before pause.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 605

headline. The next rules (down to 61157) won't work before a pause.

Example. Rule ikoyaNaci below teaches "I to y before vowels". But because of this headline, this ikoyaNaci rule won't work on the I that is before a pause that in turn is before a vowel. So, when we join the words devI and uvAca to make a sentence, we have two options --

either we make no pause between the words and ikoyaNaci works --

devyuvAca "The Queen said."

or we make a pause and the ikoyaNaci does not work, even though I is before a vowel --

devI uvAca "The Queen. (pause). Said."

ikoyaNaci will work compulsorily when adding affixes --

kukkuTI- + au →ikoyaNaci kukkuTyau

because pausing midword is ungrammatical.

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam anudAttaM padam ekavarjam 61158 iti yAvat. prAgetasmat sUtrAdita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH saMhitAyAm ityevaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati iko yaN aci, dadhyatra. madhvatra. saMhitAyAm iti kim? dadhi atra. madhu atra.

che ca PANINIRULES 61073
( short gets tuk when in saMhitA) before ch.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 606

We can reword this rule into --

" ch to cch after short "

Examples --

gam + laT tip → gam + zap + tip →iSugami gachati gatchati →stozzcu gacchati "goes"

chid + us →liTidhA cichidus citchidus →stozzcu cicchidus "they cut"

sas + chinatti →etattado sa + chinatti sat chinatti →stozzcu sac chinatti "he cuts"

atra + chAtraH atrat chAtraH →stozzcu atrac chAtraH "The student is here"

You may spell the last two as sa cchinatti and atra cchatraH if you like. But inria will expect you to type sacchinatti, atracchatraH.

KAZIKA hrasvasya tukiti vartate. chakAre parataH saMhitAyAM viSaye hrasvasya tugAgamo bhavati. icchati. yacchati. hrasva eva atra AgamI, na tu tadantaH. tena cicchadatuH, cicchiduH ity atra tukabhyAsasya grahaNena na gRhyate iti halAdiHzeSeNa na nivartyate, nAvayavAvayavaH samudAyAvayavo bhavati iti.

This rule may be said to be completely useless nowadays.

* In times of pANini, there was a difference in sound between mA chaitsIH and mA cchaitsIH.

* But nowadays (and most likely since the middle ages) everybody says only cch, never ch, no matter if the spelling looks like ch or cch. The sound of the letter ch (and of cch) is quite like the Bengali ch, which takes as much time to say as any two-consonant cluster.

However, you have to know the rule in order to get the right spellings. gacchati must be spelled with cch nowadays; the medieval custom of sayin gacchati and spelling gachati is no longer allowed.

My students are reminded that even though spellings such as hiraNyagarbho bhagavAn eSa chandasi suSTutaH are common in the epics, they still will get punished in the written test if they don't spell eSa cchandasi.

dIrghAt PANINIRULES 61075
non- wordfinal long (compulsorily gets tuk before ch).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 608

Examples --

hrIcchati

mlecchati

Think of this rule as a spelling rule: " If the sound cch follows any vowel inside a word, spell it as cch ".

KAZIKA che tukiti vartate. dIrghAt paro yaH chakAraH tasmin pUrvasya tasya eva dIrghasya tugAgamo bhavati. hrIcchati. mlecchati. apacAcchAyate. vicAcchAyate.

The kAzikA shows the examples apacAcchAyate and vicAcchAyate, which look like yaG verbs to me, but no idea of what they mean. wafti.

pad%AntAd vA PANINIRULES 61076
wordfinal ( long gets tuk before ch) optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 609

What this rule is teaching us is that in pANini times, there were two different pronunciations of this example; some people used one and other people the other --

sA cchinatti "she cuts"

sA chinatti "she cuts"

Nowadays everybody pronounces ch and cch as cch, so this rule is useless, or is just a spelling rule --

" after a wordfinal long, spell the sound cch either as ch or as cch, you choose "

KAZIKA dIrghAt che tukiti vartate. padAntAd dIrghAt paro yaH chakAraH tasmin pUrvasya tasya eva dIrghasya pUrveNa nityaM prApto vA tug-Agamo bhavati. kuTIcchAyA, kuTIchAyA. kuvalIcchAyA, kuvalIchAyA. vizvajanAdInAM chadasi vA tugAgamo bhavati iti vaktavyam. vizvajanacchatram, vizvajanachatram. nacchAyAM karavo 'param. na chAyAM karavo 'param.

iko yaN aci PANINIRULES 61077
ik to yaN before ac.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 610 sandhi

Before vowel, we replace i u R L, and their long versions, with y v r l respectively.

Examples with i I to y --

dadhi + atra dadhy atra "here's the curds"

kukkuTI + atra kukkuTy atra "here's the hen"

Examples with u U to v --

madhu + atra madhv atra "there's honey here"

vadhU- + jas vadhvas "young women"

Example with R to r --

pitR- + TA pitrA "with father"

There is an example of RR to r in rule zRRdRRprAM hrasvo vA --

zRRdRRpRR- + Am zRRdRRprAm "replace zRR dRR pRR with"

See also the exceptions akassa, ikosava, RtyakaH.

KAZIKA aci parataH iko yaN-Adezo bhavati. dadhyatra. madhvatra. kartrartham. lAkRtiH. ikaH pluta-pUrvasya savarna-dIrgha-bAdhanArthaM yaN-Adezo vaktavyaH. bho3i indram. bho3yindram. aci iti ca ayam adhikAraH saMprasAraNAc ceti yAvat.

eco 'y;av;Ay;AvaH PANINIRULES 61078
ec to ay av Ay Av (before vowel).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 611 sandhi

The ec letters are e o ai au. Because of rule respectively, this rule means --

" Replace

e with ay

o with av

ai with Ay

au with Av.

before all vowels ".

Examples.

ne + zap + tip nay + zap + tip → nayati "leads"

plo + zap + ta plav + zap + ta →Tita_A plavate "jumps"

saha nau avatu → saha nAvavatu "may he protect both of us together"

When the ec is a wordfinal e o, and the next word starts with a, this rule will not work because of the exception eGaHpa q.v.

When the ec is wordfinal and eGaHpa does not apply, the y v can either stay unchanged --

tasmai + avadam tasmAyavadam

nau + avatu nAvavatu

or be replaced with a hiatus by the optional rule lopazzA --

tasmai + avadam tasmAyavadam →lopazzA tasmA_avadam

nau + avatu nAvavatu →lopazzA nA_avatu

In spite of that, you will find no optionality in written books. As far as I know, in writing, rule lopazzA never works on Av -

nau + avatu nAvavatu "may He protect us"

and always works on ay av Ay --

te + ime tay + ime →lopazzA ta_ime "those same ones"

gAm + tasmai + adadat gAnM tasmAy adadat →lopazzA gAnM tasmA adadat "gave him a cow"

Warning. You WILL hear arjunayuvAca, even though it is always spelled arjuna_uvAca.

KAZIKA ecaH sthAne aci parataH ay av Ay Av ity ete AdezAH yathAsaGkhyam bhavanti. cayanam. lavanam. cAyakaH. lAvakaH. kayete. yayete. vAyAvavaruNaddhi.

vAnto yi pratyaye PANINIRULES 61079
(o au to) av Av before y affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 612

Addition to ecoya, which replaces e ai o au before vowels. The o and the au will also be replaced before affixes that start with y.

Example before Nyat, a kRt affix --

yu + Nyat →acoJNiti yau + ya yAvya- "that should be excluded"

Example before Nya, a taddhita. The taddhita do not trigger ( acoJNiti, but do trigger taddhiteSva --

kuru- + Nya →taddhiteSva kauru- + ya →orguNaH kauro- + ya kauravya- "descendant of kuru"

See also orguNaH, gargAdi.

KAZIKA yo 'yam ecaH syAne vantAdezaH okArasya av, aukArasya Av, sa yakArAdau pratyaye parato bhavati. bAbhravyaH. mANDavyaH. zaGkavyaM dAru. picavyaH kArpAsaH. nAvyo hradaH. vAntaH iti kim? rAyam icchati raiyati. yi iti kim? yobhyAm. naubhyAm. pratyaye iti kim? goyAnam. nauyAnam. goryUtau chandasi. gozabdasya yUtau parataH chandasi visaye vAntAdezo vaktavyaH. A no mitrAvaruNA ghRtairgavyUtimukSatam. chandasi iti kim? goyUtiH. adhvaparimANe ca. goryUtau parato vAntAdezo vaktavyaH. gavyUtimAtram adhvAnaM gataH.

dhAtos tan-nimittasyaiva PANINIRULES 61080
(o au) of root (to av Av before y -affix) only if that affix made the o au.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 613

Exception to vAntoyi above. If the o au belongs to a root, we replace it with av Av only before the y-affix that made the o au, like here --

lU + yat →hardsoft lo + yat lavya- "could be reaped"

but not before other y-affixes, like this yamAna here --

lU + yamAna + iJ →taddhiteSva lau + yamAna + i →yasyetica lauyamAni- "son of lUyamAna"

Here the U turned into au because of the iJ affix (see taddhiteSva), and not because of the yamAna affix. So we get no Av change before yamAna.

KAZIKA ecaH iti vartate, vAnto yi pratyaye iti ca. dhAtor ya ec tannimitto yakArAdipratyayanimittaH, tasya yakArAdau pratyaye parato vAntAdezo bhavati. lavyam. pavyam. avazyalAvyam. avazyapAvyam. dhAtoH iti kim? prAtipadikasya niyamo ma bhUt. tatra ko doSaH? bAbhravyaH ityatrA eva syAt, iha na syAt gavyam, nAvyam iti. tannimittasya iti kim? atannimittasya mA bhUt. upoyate. auyata. lauyamAniH. pauyamAniH. ata iJ 41095. evakArakaraNam kim? dhAtvavadhAraNam yathA syAt, tannimittAvadhAraNam mA bhUtiti tAnimittasya hi dhAtozca adhAtozca bhavati. bAbhravyaH. avazyalAvyam. lavam.

kSayya;jayyau zaky%Arthe PANINIRULES 61081
kSayya- and jayya- only mean "-ible".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 614

These are built from kSi + yat and ji + yat. Only examples --

kSi + yat →hardsoft kSeya- kSayya- "destructible"

ji + yat → jeya- jayya- "conquerable"

When the meaning of yat is not "can be", this rule does not work --

kSi + yat →hardsoft kSeya- "should be destroyed"

ji + yat → jeya- "should be defeated"

KAZIKA kSi ji ityetayor dhAtvoH yati ratyaye parataH zakyArthe gamyamAne ekArasya ayAdezo nipAtyate. zakyaH kSetum kSayyaH. zakyo jetum jayyaH. zakyArthe iti kim? kSeyaM pApam. jeyo vRSalaH.