bahu;gaNa;vatu;Dati saMkhyA PANINIRULES 11023
bahu- gaNa- vat(u) Dati are numerals.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 31

The numerals (saGMkhyA, also known as "numbers") are the nounbases eka- dvi- tri- catur- etc, that mean "one two three four" etc.

This rule says that

bahu- "many",

gaNa- "group",

and the words made with the affixes vatu and Dati

are numerals too.

Some words made with the affix vat(u) --

tAvat "as much as"

yAvat "that much"

etAvat "this much"

This vatu affix is not the same as vatup "that has", as in himavat-.

Some words made with the affix Dati --

kati "how many?"

tati "as many as"

yati "that many"

These nounbases are dubbed " numeral"s by this rule so that they will be affected by the rules that affect eka- dvi- tri- etc. For instance, bahu- "many" can get the affixes DaT, kRtvasuc, dhA', zas', tayap, just like sahasra- gets them --

sahasra- + kRtvasuc → sahasrakRtvas "a thousand times"

bahu- + kRtvasuc → bahukRtvas "many times"

KAZIKA bahu gaNa vatu ityeta saGkhyAsaMjJA bhavanti. bahukRtvaH. bahudhA. bahukaH. bahuzaH. gaNakRtvaH. gaNadhA. gaNakaH. gaNazaH. tAvatkRtvaH. tAvaddhA. tAvatkaH. tAvacchaH. katikRtvaH. katidhA. katikaH. katizaH. bahugaNazabdayor vaipulye saGghe ca vartamAnayoriha grahaNaM nAsti, saGkhyAvAcinoreva. bhUryAdInAM nivRttyarthaM saGkhyAsaMjJA vidhIyate. ardhapUrvapadazca pUraNapratyayAntaH saGkhyAsaMjJo bhavati iti vaktavyaM samAsakan vidhyartham. ardhapaJcamazUrpaH. ardhaM paJcamaM yezAm iti bahuvrIhau kRte ardhapaJcamaiH zUrpaiH krItaH. taddhitArthaiti samAsaH. tatra diksaGkhye saMjJAyAm 21050 ityanuvRttes tataH saGkhyApUrvasya dvigusaMjJAyAM zUrpAdaJanyatarasyAm 51026) iti aJ ThaJ ca. adhyardha-pUrva-dvigor lug a-saMjJAyAm 5-1-28 iti luk. ardhapaJcamakaH. saGkhyApradezAHsaGkhyA vaMzyena 21019 ityevam AdayaH.

S;NAntA SaT PANINIRULES 11024
numeral that ends in S n is sixlike.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 32

In other words: these six nounbases are sixlike --

paJcan- "five"

SaS- "six"

saptan- "seven"

aSTan- "eight"

navan- "nine"

dazan- "ten"

Being sixlike makes rule SaDbhyoluk work. That's why the dvAdazan- here gets no jas --

dvi- + dazan- + jas →dvyaSTanassa dvA + dazan + jas →SaDbhyoluk dvA + dazan- + luk →nalopaHprA dvAdaza "twelve"

Of course, by yenavidhi, the numbers ekAdazan- dvAdazan- etc are sixlike too.

See also Datica.

KAZIKA strI-liGga-nirdezAt saGkhya iti sambadhyate. SakArAntA nakArAntA ca yA saGkhyA sA SaTsaMjJA bhavati. SakArAntA tAvatSaT tiSThanti. SaT pzye. nakArAntaHpaJca. sapta. nava. dasa. antagrahaNam aupadezikArtham. tenaiha na bhavati zatAni, sahasrANi. aSTAnAm ityatra nuD bhavati. SaTpradezAH SaDbhyo lug ity evam AdayaH.

Some epics for ya --

tato dvAdaza varSANi kAnaneSu jaleSu ca

reme tasmin girau rAjA tayaiva saha bhAryayA

"then for twelve years in forests and lakes

the king lived happily in that mountain with his wife"

Dati ca PANINIRULES 11025
Dati -enders (are sixlike).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 33

The Dati -enders are --

kim- + Dati →TeH k + Dati → kati- "how many?"

yad- + Dati yati- "as many as"

tad- + Dati tati- "that many"

Being sixlike, they lose jas zas by SaDbhyoluk --

kati- + jas + paThanti → kati paThanti "how many are reading?"

KAZIKA DatyantA yA saGkhyA sA SaTsaMjJA bhavati. kati tiSThanti. kati pazya.

kta;ktavatU niSThA PANINIRULES 11026
The niSThA are kta and ktavatu.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 34

The affixes (k)ta and (k)tavat(u) make adjectival nounbases. Because of rule niSThA, they mean that the action already happened. Examples --

nI + kta m + su → nIta- + su → nItas "he was led"

nI + ktavatu m + su → nItavat(u)- + su → nItavAn "he led, you led, I led" ( same steps as hanumAn )

These forms are often used as verblikes. As in --

ajo grAmamM mayA nItaH "I led the goat to the village"

grAmanM tanM nItavAn aham "I led him to the village"

They can be used as normal adjectives too --

senAM vande tvayA nItAm "I praise the army that you led"

See kta and ktavatu for more examples.

Important detail. In many styles of Sanskrit (including most styles of 21st century spoken Sanskrit), the past tenses ( laG, liT and luG) are seldom used, because most past statements have a kta-ender or a ktavatu-ender instead of a verb. Doing this is perfectly grammatical, and if you are a native speaker of Hindi or some other languages derived from Sanskrit, it is far more convenient. It also relieves lazy students from the burden of having to learn the laG, liT and luG rules.

sarvAdIni sarvanAmAni PANINIRULES 11027
The pronouns are sarva- etc.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 35

The pronouns, a.k.a. sarvanAma or sarvAdi or sarva-class, are the nounbases listed in group 1 of the gaNapATha, which includes, but is not limited to --

sarva- vizva- ubha- ubhaya-

tvat tva nema sama sima

tyad- tad- yad- etad-

idam- adas-

eka- dvi-

yuSmad- asmad- bhavatu- kim-

Also, sva-, antara are pronouns.

Besides these, there are nounbases that are pronouns only before certain sup (see for instance vibhASA jasi ).

These are some of the rules that work only after pronouns --

jasaH zI -- jas to zI

sarvanAmnaH smai -- Ge to smai

Gasi;GyoH smAt;sminau -- Gasi Gi to smAt smin

See also exceptions nabahuvrIhau and dvandveca below.

KAZIKA sarvazabdaH AdiryeSAM tAnImAni sarvAdIni sarvanAmasaMjJAni bhavanti. sarvaH, sarvau, sarve. sarvasmai. sarvasmAt. sarveSAm. sarvasmin. sarvakaH. vizvaH, vizvau, visve. vizvasmai. vizvasmAt. vizveSAm. vizvasmin. vizvakaH. ubha. ubhaya. ubhazabdasya sarvanAmatve prayojanam sarvanAmnastRtIyA ca iti. ubhAbhyAM hetubhyAM vasati, ubhayoH hetvoH vasati. ubhaye. ubhayasmai. ubhayasmAt. ubhyeSAm. ubhayasmin. Datara, Datama. katara, katama. katarasmai, katamasmai. itara. anya. anyatara. itarasmai. anyasmai. anyatarasamai. tvazabdo 'nyavAcI svarabhedAd dviH paThitaH. ekaH udAttaH. dvitIyo 'nudAttaH. kecit takArAntamekaM paThanti. tva tvatiti dvAvapi ca anudAtAu iti smaranti. nemanemasmai. vakSyamANena jasi vibhASA bhavati. neme, nemAH iti. samasamasmai. kathaM yathAsaGkhyam anudezaH samAnAm, same deze yajeta iti. samasya sarvazabdaparyAyasya sarvanAmasMjJA iSyte, na sarvatra. simasimasmai. pUrva-parAvara- dakSiNottarAparAdharANi vyavasthAyAm asaMjJAyAm. svam a-jJAti-dhan'-AkhyAyAm. antaraM bahiryogopasaMvyAnayoH. tyad, tad, yad, etad, idam, adas, eka, dvi, yuSmad, asmad, bhavatu, kim. sarvAdiH. sarvanAma-pradezAH sarvanAmnaH smai ity evam AdayaH.

Readers familiar with grammars of European languages should take into account that the rule "a pronoun replaces a noun" does not work in Sanskrit. Sanskrit pronouns are special only in that they change some sup that come after them. For instance, masculine sarva- with jas makes sarve (by jasaHzI), not sarvAH (by prathamayo). The feminine and the neuter are normal (sarvAs, sarvANi).

na bahuvrIhau PANINIRULES 11029
Unless inside a longhorn.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 36

Exception to sarvAdIni sarvanAmAni. The sarvAdi are not pronouns when they are inside a longhorn.

So lone vizva- is a pronoun --

vizva- + jas →jasazzI vizva + zI →AdguNaH vizve "everybody"

as in

vizve me priyAH "I love everybody"

But priyavizva- "that loves everybody" isn't, so jasazzI won't work here --

priyavizva- + jas →prathamayo priyavizvAH "those that love everybody"

KAZIKA sarvanAma-saMjJAyAM tadantavidher abhyupagamAd bahuvrIher api sarvA'dyantasay saMjJA syAd iti pratiSedha Arabhyate. bahuvrIhau samAse sarvAdIni sarvanAmasaMjJAni na bhavanti. priyavizvAya. priyobhyAya. dvyanyAya. tryanyAya. iha ca, tvatkapitRkaH, matkapitRkaH ityakaj na bhavati. bahuvrIhau iti vartamAne punarbahuvrIhigrahaNaM bhUtapUrvamAtre 'pi pratiSedho yathA syAt, vastrAntaravasanAntarAH iti.

dvandve ca PANINIRULES 11031
Or a dvandva.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 37

Inside a dvandva, the sarvAdi are not pronouns.

So, for "of easterners and westerners", we say pUrvAparANAm, not pUrvApareSAm.

pUrva + apara + Am pUrva + apara (not pronoun) + Am pUrvaparANAm

where rule Ami sarvanAmnaH suT did not work because this rule made apara into a pronoun.

KAZIKA dvandve ca samAse sarvAdIni sarvanAmasaMjJAni na bhavanti. pUrvAparANAm. katarakatamAnAm.

vibhASA jasi PANINIRULES 11032
Optionally before jas.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 38

But dvandva compounds of sarvAdi are optionally pronouns before jas.

So we may say, by previous rule --

pUrvAparAH "easterns and westerners"

or, by this option --

pUrvApare "easterns and westerners"

This rule will not work after akac. So katarakatamakAH, never ake.

KAZIKA pUrveNa nitye pratiSedhe prApte jasi vibhASA Arabyate. dvandve samAse jasi vibhASA sarvAdIni sarvanAmasaMjJAni na bhavanti. katarakatame, katarakatamAH. jasaH kAryaM prati vibhASA, akaj jhi na bhavati katarakatamakAH.

The words "is a pronoun optionally before jas" trickle down to the next four rules prathamacarama pUrvaparA svamajJAti antarambahi.

prathama-carama-tayAlpArdha-katipaya-nemAz ca PANINIRULES 11033
prathama carama tayap alpa ardha katipaya nema (are optionally pronouns before jas).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 39

tayap means nounbases ending in tayap, such as paJcataya- "made up of five parts".

So "the first ones" may be prathamAH or prathame.

prathama + jas prathama ( pronoun) + jas →jasazzI prathama + zI →AdguNaH prathame "the first ones"

KAZIKA vibhASA jasi iti vartate. dvandve iti nivRttam. prathama carama taya alpa ardha katipaya nema ityete jasi vibhASA sarvanAmasaMjJA bhavanti. prathame, prathamAH. carame, caramAH. dvitaye, dvitayAH. alpe, alpAH. ardhe, ardhAH. katipaye, katipayaH. neme, nemAH. taya iti tayap pratyayaH. ziSTAni prAtipadikAni. tatra nema iti sarvAdiSu paThyate, tasya prApte vibhaSA, anyeSAm aprApte. ubhayazabdasya tayappratyayAntasya gane pAThAn nityA sarvanAmasaMjJA iha api jaskAryaM prati vibhASA. kAkacoryathAyogaM vRttiH.

Notice that nema- is naturally a pronoun because it was mentioned in the sarvAdi list. So this rule allows it to optionally not be a pronoun before jas, and it is a pronoun before everything else. The other entries, like prathama, are naturally not pronouns and this rule allows them to be pronouns before jas.

pUrva-parAvara- dakSiNottarAparAdharANi vyavasthAyAm asaMjJAyAm PANINIRULES 11034
pUrva para avara dakSiNa uttara apara adhara (are optionally pronouns before jas) if they mean relative position and are not tags.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 40

So when we are south of Nepal, we may say either --

nepAlA uttarAH "the Nepalese are northerners"

by the general rule, or --

nepAlA uttare "the Nepalese are northerners"

if we use this option, because --

uttara + jas uttara pronoun + jas →jasazzI uttara + zI →AdguNaH uttare

This rule won't work when these words do not mean relative position. So when dakSiNa- means "clever" it can't be a pronoun, and we must say here dakSiNAs, not dakSiNe --

dakSiNA ime gAthakAH "these purANa chanters are clever"

Also this rule won't work when these bases are in a tag. So when uttarAH kuravaH "the Northern Kurus" is the name of a country "north kuru country", we can't say uttare. But we can still say uttare kuravaH to mean "the kurus are north from here", kurus here meaning some people from that family.

KAZIKA pUrva para avara dakSiNa uttara apara adhara ityeSAM gaNe pAThAt pUrveNa nityAyAM sarvanAmasaMjJAyAM prAptAyAM jasi vibhASA Arabhyate. pUrvAdIni vibhaSA jasi sarvanAmasaMjJAni bhavanti vyavasthAyAm asaMjJAyAm. svAbhidheyApekSAvadhiniyamo vyavasthA. pUrve, pUrvAH. pare, parAH. avare, avarAH. dakSiNe, dakSiNAH. uttare, uttarAH. apare, aparAH. adhare, adharaH. vyavasthAyAm iti kiM? dakSiNA ime gAthakAH. pravINAH ityarthaH. asaMjJAyAm iti kim? uttarAH kuravaH. satyAm eva vyavasthAyAm iyaM teSAM saMjJA.

svam a-jJAti-dhan'-AkhyAyAm PANINIRULES 11035
sva- (before jas is optionally a pronoun) unless it means a relative or wealth.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 41

sva- may mean "one's own", "a relative", or "wealth, property".

When it means one's own, it is a pronoun before all sup,

svasmAt putrAt "from his own son"

except before jas, where it can be a pronoun --

sve putrAH "his sons"

or not --

svAH putrAH "his sons"

But when sva- means "wealth" or "a relative", it is never a pronoun. So in prabhUtAsH svA na dIyante "not many riches are given", we can't say sve.

KAZIKA atra api nityA sarvanAmasaMjJA prAptA jasi vibhASyate. svam ityetac chabdarUpaM jasi vibhASA sarvanAmasaMjJaM bhavati , na cej jJAtidhanayoH saMjJArUpeNa vartate. sve putrAH, svAH putrAH. sve gAvaH, svA gAvaH. AtmIyAH ityarthaH. jJAti-pratiSedhaH iti kim? dhUmAyanta iva a-zliSTAH prajvalanti iva saMhatAH. ulmukAni iva me 'mI svA jJAtayo bharatarSabha. adhanAkhyAyAm iti kim? prabhUtAH svA na dIyante, prabhUtaH svA na bhujyante. prabhUtAni dhanAni ityarthaH.

antaraM bahir-yog%opasaMvyAnayoH PANINIRULES 11036
antara- when meaning external or underwear (is optionally a pronoun before jas.)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 42

When the antara- has those senses, "outer" or "underwear", it is a pronoun before all sup, and optionally nonpronoun before jas --

antare gRhAH "houses outside the city walls"

antarA gRhAH "houses outside the city walls"

antare zATakAH "inner garments"

antarAzH zATakAH "inner garments"

But in all the other senses, it is never a pronoun --

grAmayor antare vasati "he lives between the two villages"

Never antarasmin here!

KAZIKA atra api pUrveNa nityA sarvanAmasaMjJA prAptA sA jasi vibhASyate. antaram ityetacchabdarUpaM vibhASA jasi sarvanAmasaMjJaM bhavati bahiryoge upasaMvyAne ca gamyamAne. antare gRhAH, antarAH gRhAH. nagarabAhyAzcANDAlAdigRhA ucyante. upasMvyAneantare zATakAH, antarAH zATakAH. upasaMvyAnaM paridhAnIyam ucyate, na prAvaraNIyam. bahiryogaupasaMvyAnayoH iti kim? anayoH grAmayorantare tApasaH prativasati. tasminnantare zItAnyudakAni. madhyapradezavacano 'ntarazabdaH. gaNasUtrasya caidaM pratyudAharaNam. apuri iti vaktavyam. antarAyAM puri vasati. vibhASAprakaraNe tIyasya vA Gitsu sarvanAmasaMjJA ityupasaMkhyAnam. dvitIyasmai, dvitIyAya. tRtIyasmai, tRtIyAya.

svarAdi-nipAtam avyayam PANINIRULES 11037
svarAdi and nipAta are unchanging.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 43

These are two groups of unchanging words.

The nipAta will be described in rules prAg rIzvarAn@ nipAtAH to adhirIzvare.

The svar-class ( svarAdi) is group two of the gaNapATha These are some svarAdi --

svar prAtar antar punar uccais nicais zanais Rte yugapat upAMzu pRthak hyas zvas dhik

KAZIKA svar-AdIni zabdarUpANi nipAtAzca avyayasaMjJAni bhavanti. svar, antar, prAtar, ete antaudAttAH paThyante. punarAdyudAttaH. sanutar, uccais, nIcais, zanais, Rdhak, ArAt, Rte, yugapat, pRthak, ete 'pi sanutarprabhRtayo 'ntodAttAH paThyante. hyas, zvas, divA, rAtrau, sAyam, ciram, manAk, ISat, joSam, tUSNIm, bahis, Avis, avas, adhas, samayA, nikaSA, svayam, mRSA, naktam, naJ, hetau, addhA, iddhA, sAmi, ete 'pi hyasprabhRtayo 'ntodAttAH paThyante. vatvadantam avyayasaMjJaM bhavati. brAhmaNavat. kSatriyavat. san, sanAt, sanat, tiras, ete AdyudAttAH paThyante. antarA'yamantodAttaH. antareNa, jyok, kam, zam, sanA, sahasA, vinA, nAnA, svasti, svadhA, alam, vaSaT, anyat, asti, upAMzu, kSamA, vihAyasA, doSA, mudhA, mithyA. ktvAtosuGkasunaH, kRnmakArAntaH, sandhyakSarAntaH, avyayIbhAvazca. purA, mitho, mithas, prabAhukam, Aryahalam, abhIkSNam, sAkam, sArdham, samama, namas, hiruk, tasilAdiH taddhita edhAcparyantaH, zastasI, kRtvasuc, suc, AsthAlau, cvyarthAzca, am, Am, pratAn, praSAn, svarAdiH. nipAtA vakSyante prAgrIzvarAnnipAtAH 14056 iti. ca, vA, ha, aha, eva, evam ityAdayaH. avyayapradezAH avyayAdApsupaH 24082 ityevam AdayaH. avyayam ityanvarthasaMjJA. sadRzaM triSu liGgeSu sarvAsu ca vibhaktiSu. vacaneSu ca sarveSu yanna vyeti tadavyayam.

ktvA-tosun-kasunaH PANINIRULES 11040
ktvA, tosun, kasun enders (are unchanging)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 44

Example. When we join the sentences sItA kumbham akarot "sItA made a pot" and me 'dadAt "and gave it to me", rule samAnakartR turns akarot "made" into kRtvA "made and"--

akarot → kR + laG →samAnakartR kR + ktvA → kRtvA "made and"

This kRtvA is a nounbase, ktvA being a kRt affix. And it has the same meaning as akarot, so it describes the doer, namely sItA. Therefore, rule GyApprA and others would ordinarily work here, and they would add su after kRtvA. Yet, because of this rule, kRtvA- is an unchanging nounbase. This makes avyayAdAp work and erases the su.

KAZIKA ktvA, tosun, kasun, ityevam antaM zabdarUpam avyayasaMjJaM bhavati. kRtvA. hRtvA. tosun vyuSTAyAM purA sUryasyodeto rAdheyaH. purA vatsAnAmapAkarttoH. bhAvalakSaNe stheNkRJvadi 34016 iti iNaH, kRJazca tosun pratyayaH. kasun sRpitRdoH kasun 34017. purA krUrasya visRpo virapzin. purA jatrubhya AtRdaH.

The affixes tosun and kasun are vedic, so don't lose sleep thinking about them.

avyayIbhAvaz ca PANINIRULES 11041
The actiondescribers too (are unchanging).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 45

The actiondescribers are compound adverbs made by compounding an unchanging with another word. This rule says that the compound is unchanging too.

For instance --

adhihari "upon hari"

anurUpam "following the form, accordingly"

anuloma "along the grain"

These compounds are neuter nounbases, and get am added by karmapravacanIyayukte dvitIyA, but they are considered unchanging anyway.

KAZIKA avyayIbhAvasamAso 'vyayasaMjJo bhavati. kiM prayojanam? luGmukhasvaraupacArAH. luk upAgni, pratyagni zalabhAH patanti. mukhasvaraH upAgnimukhaH, pratyagnimukhaH. mukhaM svAGgam 62167 ityuttarapadAntaudAttatvaM prAptam, nAvyayadikzabda 62168 iti pratiSidhyate. tasmin pratiSiddhe pUrvapadaprakRtisvara eva bhavati. upacAraH upapayaHkAraH, upapayaHkAmaH. visarjanIyasthAnikasya sakArasya upacAraH iti saMjJA. tatra avyayIbhAvasya avyayatve ataH kRkamikaMsakumbhapAtrakuzAkarNISvanavyayasya 83046 iti paryudAsaH siddho bhavati. sarvam idaM kANDaM svarAdAvapi paThyate. punar vacanam anityatvajJApanArtham. tena ayaM kAryaniyamaH siddho bhavati. iha ca purA sUryasyodetorAdheyaH, purA krUrasya visRpo virapziniti na lauukAvyayaniSThAkhalarthatRnAm 23069 iti SaSThIpratiSedho na bhavati.

There is another rule of the same name, avyayIbhAvaz ca x.

zi sarvanAmasthAnam PANINIRULES 11042
zi is strongmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 46

zi only appears after neuters, and only by rule jazzasozziH.

After a neuter, only zi is strong.

Here, the fact that zi is strong makes the rAjAnam rule work --

nAman- n + jas → nAman- + zi nAman- + @strong zi →rAjAnam nAmAni "names"

Back to strong affixes .

suD a-napuMsakasya PANINIRULES 11043
suT' of non- neuter (are strong).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 47

The suT are the first five in list svaujas, from su to auT --

su au jas am au

When these five are after a non- neuter nounbase, they are said to be strong. Example --

zvan- m + am zvan + @strong am →rAjAnam zvAnam "dog"

Rule rAjAnam only works before strong affixes. Here, rule rAjAnam worked because this rule made am into a strong.

Back to strong affixes .

na veti vibhASA PANINIRULES 11044
" optionally" means "or not".mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 48

Whenever a rule says "optionally", you are free to apply the rule or not.

Example. Rule nRca teaches "optionally replace R or nRNAm with RR". This means that you may replace or not replace -- nRNAm and nRRNAm are both kosher.

Rules actually use three words for "optionally" -- vibhASA, anyatarasyAm, and vA. All three mean "or not".

ig yaNaH samprasAraNam PANINIRULES 11045
stretching means replacing yaN with ik.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 49

talkaround. When any other rule says, for instance, " stretch vas' ", this rule says that stretching vas means replacing vas with uas. After we do that change, rule saMprasAraNAcca will replace uas with us. Summarizing the two rules --

" Stretching something means replacing its y v r with i u R, and deleting the next vowel. "

Example.

Rule zvayuva says --

" stretch zvan- "dog" before TA ".

Rules igyaNa and saMprasAraNAcca say --

" stretching zvan- " means " replacing zvan- with zun- ".

Therefore --

zvan- + TA →zvayuva zunA "with a dog"

As in --

Agacchac chunA "he came with his dog"

Similarly, stretching yaj we get ij, and stretching pracch we get pRcch. See vacisvapi, zvayuva and grahijyA for more examples.

KAZIKA ik yo yaNaH sthAne bhUto bhAvI vA tasya saMprasAraNam ityeSA saMjJA bhavati. yaji STam. vap uptam. graha gRhItam. kecid ubhayathA sUtram idaM vyAcakSate vAkyArthaH saMjJI, varNaz ca iti. igyaNaH yo vAkyArthaH sthAnyAdeza-sambandha-lakSaNaH sa samprasAraNa-saMjJo bhavati, yaN-sthAnika ig-varNaH sa samprasAraNa-saMjJo bhavati iti. tatra vidhau vAkyArtha upatiSThate SyaGaH samprasAraNaM putrapatyos tatpuruSe 61013 vasoH samprasAraNamiti. anuvAde varNaH samprasAraNAc ceti. saGkhyAtAnudezAd iha na bhavati adhitarAm iti. dyubhyAm ity atra diva ut iti tapara-karaNAd dIrgho na bhavati. samprasAraNa-pradezAH vasoH samprasAraNam ity evam AdayaH.

Ady;antau Ta;kitau PANINIRULES 11046
Tit kit go at start end.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 50

This talkaround states that, in rules --

(1) When a rule says

"replace kSip with a(T)"

it means

"add a in front of kSip",

and (2) When a rule says

"replace dRzya with m(uk)"

it means

"add m at the end of dRzya".

Examples.

Rule eruH says "replace i with u", and it actually does that. That's because u is not an affix that has k or T label, so this rule does not work.

But rule hrasvanadyA teaches "replace Am with n(uT)". As the n(uT) has T label, this rule says that "replace Am with n(uT)" actually means "add n in front of Am". So rule hrasvanadyA will replace Am with nAm, not with n.

Rule Anemuk teaches "replace dRzya with m(uk)". As m(uk) has k label, that "replace dRzya with m(uk)" actually means "add m at the end of dRzya". So, Anemuk replaces dRzya with dRzyam.

This rule does not apply to all kit and Tit affixes, but only to a special class of short affixes, called augments. Q.v.

KAZIKA AdiH Tit bhavati, antaH kit bhavati SasThI-nirdiSTasya. lavitA. muNDo bhISayate. Tit-pradezAH ArdhadhAtukasyeD valAdeH ity evam AdayaH. kit-pradezAH bhiyo hetubhaye Suk ity evam AdayaH.

mid aco 'ntyAt paraH PANINIRULES 11047
mit go after last vowelmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 51

mit is m + it, therefore it means "whatever has label m" (see labels).

For instance, num, znam, and the i(m) mentioned in tRNaha::im are all mit affixes, or mitaugments (in Sanskrit: mid-Agama).

This rule explains that the mit affixes are added after the last vowel of whatever they are added to.

For instance,

"im" means "an i added after the last vowel".

Therefore, when a rule teaches

"tRnah gets im",

that's just short for

"add i after the last vowel of tRnah",

or for

"replace tRnah with tRna + i + h".

(Of course, after doing that replacement, AdguNaH will work and we'll have tRneH, which will thenget Natvam.)

More examples --

Rule nonfunny teaches that phala- and manas get n(um) before zi. So we add n after the last vowel of these --

phala- + zi →nonfunny phala- + num + i phalan + i →rAjAnam phalAni "results"

manas- + zi →nonfunny manas- + num + i manans + i →sAntama manAnsi →nazcA manAMsi "minds"

Rule rudhAdibhyaHznam teaches "rudh gets (z)na(m) before laT tip". So, we wedge the na after the u --

rudh + laT tip →rudhAdibhya rudh + znam + tip ru + na + dh + ti ruNaddhi "obstructs"

Rule caturana teaches that anaDuh- gets A(m) before su, and sAvana says that it gets n(um) too. So --

anaDuh- + su →caturana anaDuh + Am' + s anaDu + A + h + s →ikoyaNaci anaDvAh + s →sAvana anaDvAh + num + s anadvAnhs →halGyA anaDvAnh →saMyogAnta anaDvAn "ox"

eca:: ig ghrasvAdeze PANINIRULES 11048
ec shorten into i u.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 52

This is a talkaround. It means --

" Rules that replace an ec with short actually replace e ai o au with i i u u. "

Example 1:

Rule hrasvaH says: " replace the stammer vowel with short ". Therefore, hrasvaH will replace o au with u and e ai with i --

hu + laT tip →zlau ho + ho + tip →hrasvaH hu + ho + ti →kuhozcuH juhoti "sacrifices"

sev + liT ta → sev + ez →liTidhA se + sev + ez →hrasvaH si + sev + e →kric siSeve "he served"

ji + ji + Nal gai + gai + a →hrasvaH gi + gai + a →kuhozcuH jigai + a →ecoya jigAya "he won"

Example 2:

Rule gostriyoru says: ' replace the o of citrago with short '. So the short will be u --

citra- + go- → citragu- "Mr. Spottedcows"

Example 3:

Rule hrasvonapuMsake says: ' shorten neuter nounbase '. So when rai- is neuter, its ai will shorten into i --

rai @n + su →hrasvonapuMsake ri + s →svamorna ri

rai "wealth" is a masculine usually, but it becomes neuter when the compound ati + rai- "super-rich" agrees with a neuter nounbase, as in --

atiri kulam "super-rich family"

This rule might look useless to you because you know that the only short vowels are a i u R L. Therefore, when a rule says "replace e with short", you might have figured out by yourself that you must replace e with the most-alike of those five, namely with i.

The problem with that reasoning is that it was ME who told you that those five are the only shorts -- pANini did not say that anywhere. Therefore, absent this rule, any rule that teaches "replace ec with short" would have created four new short vowel sounds.