bhasya PANINIRULES 64129
Change the wimpy.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 731

headline. The following rules, down to the end of chapter 6.4, only change the stems that have been made wimpy by yacibham, that is, those that are before a non- valAdi weak.

So rule pAdaHpat below says "change pAd into pad", but actually it only changes the wimpy pAd --

dvipAd + zas →!!pAdaHpad dvipadas

as in

apatrAn dvipadaH pazyAmi "I see featherless bipeds"

the rule won't change the non-wimpy pAd --

dvipAd + jas → dvipAdas

as in

apatrA dvipAdas tiSThanti "the featherless bipeds stay"

KAZIKA bhasya ityayam adhikAraH A adhyAya-parisamApteH. yadita Urdhvam anukamiSyAmaH bhasya ity evaM tadvedivyam.

pAdaH pat PANINIRULES 64130
( wimpy) pAd to padmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 732

This pAd is the replacement of pAda- "foot" made by pAdasya lopo'hastyAdibhyaH ff.

As in

dvi- + pAd + zas dvipadas "bipeds"

But before a strong, pAd is not wimpy and this rule does not work --

dvi- + pAd + jas → dvipAdas "bipeds"

KAZIKA dvipadaH pazya. dvipadA kRtam. bhasya iti kim? dvipAdau. dvipAdaH. pAdaH pat

vasoH samprasAraNam PANINIRULES 64131
stretch ( wimpy) vasu kvasu.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 733

So vasu becomes first us by this rule, and then, if any affix is added, it becomes uS by kric --

vidvas- + zas vidus + as →kric viduSas "sages"

vidvas- + matup viduSmat- "that has sages"

vidvas- + GI viduSI- "sagette"

But if the affix is weak and starts with a valAdi, this rule does not work, because vidvas- is not wimpy. In that case the s becomes wordfinal by svAdiSva, and turns into d by vasu;sraMsu --

vidvas- mn + bhis →vasusraMsu vidvadbhis "by sages"

If the affix is strong, this rule won't work --

vid + vasu m + am →ugidacA vidvans + am →sAntama vidvAns + am →nazcA vidvAMsam "sage"

vid + vasu m + su →ugidacA vidvanss →sAntama vidvAnss →halGyA vidvAns →saMyogAnta vidvAn "sage"

vid + vasu m + bhis →vasusraMsu vid + vad + bhis → vidvadbhis "by sages"

KAZIKA vasv-antasya bhasya samprasAraNaM bhavati. viduSaH pazya. viduSA. viduSe. pecuSaH pazya. pecuSA. pecuSe. papuSaH pazya. AkAra-lope kartavye vasu-saMprasAraNasya vyAzrayatvAd asiddhatvam na bhavati. vasu-grahaNe kvasor api grahaNam iSyate.

vAha:: UTh PANINIRULES 64132
( wimpy) vAh- to Uh-.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ 734

vAh- is only vAh before strong --

vizva- + vAh- + jas → vizvavAhas "supporters of all"

wimpy vAh- turns into Uh- by this rule --

vAh- mf + zas Uh- + as → Uhas "carriers"

This U will merge with a preceding A a into au, by ety;edhaty;UThsu --

vizva- + Uhas →ety;edhaty;UThsu vizvauhas "supporters of all"

KAZIKA vAha ityevamantasya bhasya UTh ityetat samprasAraNaM bhavati. praSThauhaH. praSThauhA. praSThauhe. dityauhaH. dityauhA. dityauhe. etyedhatyUThsv iti vRddhiH. atha kimarthamUTh kriyate, samprasAraNe eva kRte guNe ca vRddhir ecIti vRddhau satyAm siddhaM rUpaM bhavati praSThauhaH iti, anakArAnte copapade vaherNvirna dRzyate? jJApanArtham . etaj jJApayati, bhavatyeSA paribhASA "asiddhaM bahiraGgam antaraGge (pari 0 50) " iti. tasyAM hi satyAM bahiraGgasya samprasAraNasya asiddhatvAtantaraGgo guNo na syAt.

zva;yuva;maghonAm ataddhite PANINIRULES 64133
( stretch wimpy) zvan- yuvan- maghavan-, unless before a taddhita.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 735

Examples with zvan- "dog" --

zvan- + TA zun + A → zunA "with dog"

zvan- + GI zun + I → zunI- "bitch"

yuvan- "young"

yuvan + Gi yu + un + Gi →akassa yUn + Gi → yUni "about the young man"

maghavan- "munificent" (name of indra and other generous gods)

magha + va + n + Gas magha + u + n + as →AdguNaH magho + n + as → maghonas "of indra"

But with a taddhita affix, the va stays --

yuvan- + aN →taddhiteSva yauvana- "youngness, youth"

Careful. There is also a nounbase maghavat-, same meaning as maghavan-, and this rule does not apply to it --

maghavat + Gas → maghavatas "of indra"

KAZIKA zvan yuvan maghavanityeteSAm aGgAnAm ataddhite pratyaye parataH samprasAraNaM bhavati. zunaH. zunA. zune. yUnaH. yUnA. yUne. maghonaH. maghonA. maghone. ataddhite iti kim? zauvaM mAMsam. yauvanaM vartate. mAghavanaH sthAlIpAkaH. zuno vikAre prANi-rajat´Adibhyo 'J, dvArAditvAdaijAgamaH. zvAdInAm etat samprasAraNaM nakArAntAnAm iSyate. iha na bhavati, yuvatIH pazya. maghavataH. maghavatA. maghavate. tadartham uttaratra yogavibhAgam kurvanti. allopaH. anaH. anaH ity ubhayoH zeSaH iti.

al-lopo 'naH PANINIRULES 64134
( wimpy) an to n.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 736

By yacibham, a nounbase is wimpy before weaks that start with a vowel or y, like Gas, Am, Ge. So --

nAman- + Gas nAmn + as → nAmnas "of the name"

rAjan- + Am rAjn- + Am →stozz rAjJAm "of kings"

takSan- + Ge takSn- + e →Natvam takSNe "to carpenter"

See optional exception vibhASAGizyoH and compulsory exception nasaMyogAdvamantAt below.

vibhASA Gi;zyoH PANINIRULES 64136
( alloponaH works) optionally before Gi zImmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 737

Optional exception. Usually, alloponaH deletes a here --

nAman n + Gi nAmni "in a name"

nAman n + zI nAmnI "two names"

rAjan m + Gi rAjJi "about a king"

But if we take this option, then we get --

nAman n + Gi nAmani "in a name"

nAman n + zI nAmanI "two names"

rAjan m + Gi rAjani "about a king"

KAZIKA Gau parataH zIzabde ca ano vibhASA akAralopo bhavati. rAjJi, rAjani. sAmni, sAmani. sAmnI, sAmanI.

na saMyogAd va;m-antAt PANINIRULES 64137
No ( alloponaH) after consonant plus v m.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 738

Exception to alloponaH -- wimpy van and man keep their "a" after consonants.

So we have no alloponaH in --

carman- + Ge →Natvam carmaNe

Atman- + zas OR Gas OR Gasi → Atmanas

parvan- + Gi →Natvam parvaNi

vezman- n + au →napuMsakAcca vezmanI "two houses"

This rule is very easy to remember, because if we forget to not apply the alloponaH, we get carmNe Atmnas parvNi. Icky.

Notice that we still get alloponaH after a cluster that ends in other consonants --

takSan + Ge takSNe "to carpenter"

takSan + Gi takSNi "about the carpenter"

takSan + Gi takSaNi "about the carpenter" ( optionally by vibhASAGi )

KAZIKA vakAra-makAr%AntAt saMyogAd uttarasya anaH akArasya lopo na bhavati. parvaNA. parvaNe. atharvaNA. atharvaNe. saMyogAtiti kim? pratidIvnA. pratidIvne. sAmnA. sAmne. vamantAtiti kim? takSNA. takSNe.

acaH PANINIRULES 64138
( wimpy) ac''' (loses a).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 739

This ac is the aJcati root (aka aJc(u) or ac'''), with kvin added (it gets kvin because of rule Rtvig;dadhRk; srag;dig; uSNig;aJcu). When wimpy it becomes ac(u) by aniditA, and then it becomes c(u) by this rule. A short before that c will lengthen by cau.

Therefore dadhi- + ac''' will turn into dadhIc- when wimpy --

dadhi + aJcati + kvin + TA →aniditA dadhi- + ac''' + TA dadhi + c + A →cau dadhI + c + A → dadhIcA "by the sage dadhyac-"

So, this dadhyaJc- compound nounbase ends up taking three forms --

1. dadhyaJc- when it's before strong (this combines with strong su into dadhyaG -- )

dadhi + ac'' + su →ikoyaNaci dadhyac(u) + su →ugidacA dadhyancs →halGyA dadhyanc →saMyogAnta dadhyan →kvinpra dadhyaG

dadhi + ac'' + am →ikoyaNaci dadhyac(u) + am →ugidacA dadhyancam →nazcA dadhyaMcam →anusvA dadhyaJcam

2. dadhyag- when it's a word

dadhi + ac''' + bhis →svAdiSva dadhi + ac ( word) + bhis →coHkuH dadhi + ak + bhis →jhalAMjazonte dadhi + ag + bhis →ikoyaNaci dadhyagbhis

dadhi + ac''' + sup' →ikoyaNaci dadhyac + su →svAdiSva dadhyac ( word) + su →coHkuH dadhyaksu →jhalAJjazonte dadhyagsu →kharica dadhyaksu →kric dadhyakSu

3. dadhIc- when it's wimpy

(see example dadhIcA above)

Similarly, madhu- + ac''' will make madhvaG with su, madhUci with Gi.

KAZIKA acaH ity ayam aJcatir lupta-nakAro gRhyate. tadantasya bhasya akArasya lopo bhavati. dadhIcaH pazya. dadhIcA. dadhIce. madhUcaH pazya. madhUcA. madhUce.

dadhyaJc- is one of the names of the ancient sage dadhyaGG AtarvaNaH, also known as dadhIca- or dadhIci-.

The madhvaG word is likely sautra, so nvm the meaning.

ti viMzater Diti PANINIRULES 64142
ti of ( wimpy) viMzati to lopa before Dit.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 740

Example with DaT after viMzati- that is before weak Gas --

viMzateH pUraNaH "the one that completes twenty" →tasyapU viMzates "of twenty" + DaT →supodhA viMzati- + DaT viMza- + DaT →TeH viMza- "twentieth"

This of course works on a latter too, as in --

SaDviMzaH paJcaviMzaJM ca caturviMzaJM ca pazyati "the twentysixth can understand the twentyfifth and the twentyfourth"

KAZIKA bhasya viMzateH ti-zabdasya Giti pratyaye lopo bhavati. viMzatyA krItaH viMzakaH. viMzaM zatam. viMzateH pUrNo viMzaH. ekaviMzaH. Diti iti kim? viMzatyA.

TeH PANINIRULES 64143
tail to ( lopa before Dit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 741

Whatever has D label is a Dit. Like the affixes Dati, (D)vu(n).

Examples --

kim- + Dati + jas k + ati + as →SaDbhyoluk kati "how many?"

triMzat- + Dvun triMz + vu →yuvoranAkau triMz- + aka → triMzaka- "having thirty parts; bought for thirty"

KAZIKA Ti-saMjJakasya Diti pratyaye parataH lopo bhavati. kumudvAn. naDvAn. vetasvAn. upasarajaH. mandurajaH. triMzatA krItaH triMzakaH. Diti abhasya api anubandha-karaNa-sAmarthyat Ti-lopo bhavati.

Observation. This is an exception to alontyasya (" tail to lopa" cuts off only the last letter of the tail). This rule deletes all of the tail.

nas taddhite PANINIRULES 64144
( wimpy) n-enders (lose tail) before taddhita.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 742

Examples --

agnizarman- + iJ agnizarm + iJ →taddhiteSva Agnizarmi- "son of agnizarman"

madrarAjan- + Tac madrarAja-

pra + adhvan- + ac' pra + adhv + ac → prAdhva-

See exception ahnaSTakhoreva below.

KAZIKA nakArAntasya bhasya TeH lopo bhavati taddhite parataH. AgnizarmiH. auDulomiH. bAhvAditvAdiJ pratyayaH. naH iti kim? sAtvataH. taddhite iti kim? zarmaNA. zarmane. nAnatasya Tilope sabrahmacAripIThasarpikalApikuthumi. taitilijAjalilAGgalizilAlizikhaNDisUkarasadmasuparvaNAm upasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. atra ye innantAH teSAm inaNyanapatye 64164 iti prakRtibhAvaH prAptaH, ye tu anantAH teSAm an 64167 iti. sabrahmacAriNaH ime sAbrahmacArAH, pIThasarpiNaH paiThasarpAH. kalApinA proktamadhIyate kAlApAH, kuthuminaH kauthumAH. taitilijAjalinau AcAryau, tatkRto granthaH upacArAt taitilijAjalizabdAbhyAm abhidhIyate, taM granthamadhIyate taitilAH, jAjalAH. zaizikeSvartheSu vRddhatvAdatra chaH prApnoti. evaM lAGgalAH. zailAlAH. zikhaNDinaH zaikhaNDAH. sUkarasadmanaH saukarasadmAH. suparvaNaH sauparNAH. azmano vikAra upasaGkhyAnam. azmano vikAraH AzmaH. azmano 'nyaH. carmaNaH koza upasaGkhyAnam. cArmaH kozaH. cArmaNo 'nyaH. zunaH saGkoca upasaGkhyAnam. zauvaH saGkocaH. zauvano 'nyaH. avyayAnAM ca sAyaMpratikAdyartham upasaGkhyAnam. ke punaH sAyaMprAtikAdayaH? yeSAm avyayAnAm avihitaSTilopaH, prayoge ca dRzyate, te sAyaMprAtikaprakArAH grahItavyAH. sAyaMprAtarbhavaH sAyaMprAtikaH. paunaHpunikaH. bAhyaH. kautaskutaH. kAlAT ThaJ 43011 iti ThaJpratyayaH. TyuTyulau tu neSyete. ArAtIyaH, zAzvatikaH, zAzvataH ityevam AdiSu na dRzyate TilopaH.

ahnaS Ta;khor eva PANINIRULES 64145
But ahan- (loses tail) before Ta kha only.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 743

Exception to nastaddhite. The an of ahan stays before all taddhita except Tac and kha.

So, before the ThaJ from tenanirvRttam, the an stays --

ahnA nirvRttam → ahan + ThaJ →ThasyekaH ahan + ikaJ →taddhiteSva Ahan + ikaJ →alloponaH Ahnika- "daily"

But before Tac, nastaddhite works normally --

mahat- + rAjan- →Anmahatassa mahA- + rAjan- →rAjAhassa mahA + rAjan + Tac →nastaddhite mahArAja- "great king"

trINy ahAni samAhRtAni →taddhitArtho tri- + ahan- →rAjAhassakhibhyaSTac tri- + ahan- + Tac →nastaddhite tri + ah + a →ikoyaNaci tryaha- "group of three days"

and before kha too --

dve ahanI adhISTo "instructed for two days" →vyuSTAdibhyoN dvi- + ahan- + kha →AyaneyI dvi + ahan + Ina →nastaddhite dvi + ahIna- →ikoyaNaci dvyahIna-

KAZIKA ahanityetasya Takhoreva parataH Tilopo bhavati. dve ahanI samAhRte dvyahaH tryahaH. dve ahanI adhISTo bhRto bhUto bhAvI vA dvyahInaH. tryahInaH. ahnAM samUhaH kratuH ahInaH. ahnaH samUhe kho vaktavyaH. siddhe sati Arambho niyamArthaH. iha mA bhUt, ahnA nirvRttam Ahnikam. evakArakaraNam vispaSTArtham. ahnaH eva TakhoH ityevaM niyamo na bhavisyati, AtmAdhvAnau khe 64169 iti prakRtibhAvavidhAnAt.

or guNaH PANINIRULES 64146
(Before taddhita,) u U (of wimpy) to guNammmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 744

Examples --

kuru- + Nya kuro- + Nya →taddhiteSvacAmAdeH kauro + ya →vAntoyi kauravya- "son of kuru"

kuru- + aN kuro- + aN →taddhiteSva kauro + a →ecoya kaurava- "son of kuru"

pANDu- + aN pANDo- + aN pANDava- "son of pANDu"

This rule won't work before non- taddhita --

kuru- + TA →AGonAstriyAm kurunA →Natvam kuruNA

KAZIKA uvarNAntasya bhasya guNo bhavati taddhite parataH. bAbhravyaH. mANDavyaH. zaGkavyaM dAru. picavyaH kArpAsaH. kamaNDalavyA mRttikA. parazavyamayaH. aupagavaH. kApaTavaH. orotiti vaktavye guNagrahaNaM saMjJApUrvako vidhiranityo yathA syAt, tena svAyambhuvaH iti siddhaM bhavati.

Dhe lopo '-kadrvAH PANINIRULES 64147
( wimpy u U) to lopa before Dh except kadrU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 745

So u U are lost before a taddhita that starts with Dh, like Dhak and DhaJ --

kamaNDalu + DhaJ →AyaneyI kamaNDalu + eyaJ →taddhiteSvacAmAdeH kAmaNDalu + eya kAmaNDaleya- "son of kamaNDalu"

zitabAhu- + DhaJ zaitabAheya-

jambu- + DhaJ jAmbeya-

But the U of kadrU- stays --

kadrU- + Dhak → kadrU + eyak →kitica kAdrU + eyak →orguNaH kAdro + eya →ecoya kAdraveya-

KAZIKA Dhe parataH uvarNAntasya bhasya akarvAH lopo bhavati. kAmaNDaleyaH. zaitavAheyaH. jAMveyaH. mAdrabAheyaH. akadrvAH iti kim? kAdraveyo mantram apazyat.

y;asy' ..eti ca PANINIRULES 64148
a A i I (of wimpy to lopa before taddhita) and GI.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 746

Any wimpy that ends in a A i I loses it before GI or taddhita.

Examples before GI --

vyAghra- f + GI → vyAghrI- "tigress"

sakhi- f + GI → sakhI- "female friend; sister-in-law"

vRka- f + GI → vRkI- "wolvess"

Examples before non- valAdi taddhita --

akSa- + Thak →ThasyekaH akSa- + ika (k) →kitica AkSa- + ika AkSika "gambler"

dazarathasya + iJ →supodhA dazaratha + iJ →taddhiteSva dAzaratha + iJ dAzarathi- "son of dazaratha"

vinatA + Dhak →AyaneyI vinatA + eyak →kitica vainatA + eya vainateya- "son of vinatA"

apatyaGM kulasya →apUrvapadA kula + ya(t) kulya- "high-born"

The eya affixes delete u U too, by Dhelopo.

KAZIKA ivarNAntasya avarNAntasya ca bhasya IkAre pare taddhite ca lopo bhavati. ivarNAntasya IkAre dAkSI. plAkSI. sakhI. savarnadIrghatve hi sati atisakherAgacchati ityatra ekAdezasya antavattvAdaskhi iti ghisaMjJAyAH pratiSedhaH syAt. ivarNAntasya taddhite duli dauleyaH. vali vAleyaH. atri AtreyaH. avarNAntasya IkAre kumArI. gaurI. zArGgaravI. avarNAntasya taddhite dAkSiH. plAkSiH. cauDiH. bAlAkiH. saumitriH. yasyety auGaH zyAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. kANDe. kuDye. saurye himavataH zRGge. auGaH zIbhAve kRte yasya iti ca iti, sUrya-tiSy%Agastya-matsyAnAM ya upadhAyAH iti ca lopaH prApnoti. iyaGuvaGbhyAM lopo bhavati vipratiSedhena. vatsAn prINAti vatsaprIH, tasya apatyam vAtsapreyaH. catuSpAdbhyo DhaJ iti DhaJpratyayaH. lekhAbhrUH zubhrAdiH, tasyAH apatyam laikhAbhreyaH.

sUrya-tiSy%Agastya-matsyAnAM ya:: upadhAyAH PANINIRULES 64149
sUrya tiSya puSya agastya matsya lose y (before taddhita or GI).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 747

Example --

matsya- @f →Sidgau matsya- + GIS →yasyetica matsyI- matsI- "female fish"

This works also on the derivatives of these nounbases, such as saurya- (from sUrya- + aN) --

saurya + GI saura + I →yasyetica saurI- f "solar"

KAZIKA sUrya tisya agastya matsya ityeteSAM yakArasya upadhAyAH bhasya lopo bhavati Iti paratastaddhite ca. sUryeNaikadik saurI balAkA. aNi yo yasya iti lopaH tasya asiddhatvaM na asti, vyAzrayatvAt. IkAre tu yastasyA siddhatvAd upadhAyakAro bhasyANantasya sUryasya sambandhI 'ti lupyate. tiSya taiSmahaH. taiSI rAtriH. agastya agastyasya apatyaM strI, RSitvAdaNi kRte AgastI. AgastIyaH. matsya gaurAditvAt GIS, matsI. upadhAyAH iti kim? matsyacarI. ya-grahaNam uttar%Artham. viSayaparigaNanam atra kartavyam. matsyasya GyAm iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, matsyasya idaM mAMsaM mAtsyam. sUryAgastyayozche ca gyAM ca. saurIyaH. saurI. AgastIyaH. AgastI. iha mA bhUt, sauryam caruM nirvapet. AgastyaH. tiSyapuSyayor nakSatrANi. tiSyeNa nakSatreNa yuktaH kAlaH taiSaH. pauSaH. antikasya tasi kAdilopa AdyudAttaM ca. antikazabdasya tasipratyaye parataH kakAradeH zabdasya lopaH, AdyudAttatvam ca. antito na dUrAt. tame tAdezca. tamapratyaye antikazabdasya takArAdeH kakArAdezca lopo vaktavyaH. tatra tAdilope antamaH. kAdilope antitamaH. kAdilope bahulam iti vaktavyam. anyatra api hi vRzyate, antike sIdati iti antiSat. pUrvapadAt 83106 iti Satvam. ye ca. antiyaH.

Note: puSya- is not in the original. A vArttika adds it.

This rule would have worked without the word yas, but it was added so that it trickles down from here.

halas taddhitasya PANINIRULES 64150
(Erase the nexttolast y) of a taddhita after a consonant (before GI).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 748

Example:

gargasyApatyam f →gargAdibhyoyaJ garga + yaJ + GI →taddhiteSva gArga + ya + GI →yasyetica gArg + ya + GI gArg + a + GI →yasyetica gArgI- "female descendant of garga"

This worked because yaJ follows the consonant r. But if the taddhita affix is Dhak, namely eya, then the y follows a vowel and this rule wont work --

apatyam karikAyAH →strIbhyoDhak karikA + Dhak + GI → kArika + eya(k) + GI →yasyetica kArikeya + I →yasyetica kArikeyI- "female descendant of karikA"

This rule only affects the y of the added taddhita and not any y that the base might have. For instance --

vidyA "knowledge" + aN →taddhiteSva vaidyA + a →yasyetica vaidya- "doctor"

vaidya- + GI →yasyetica vaidyI "female doctor, wife of a doctor"

KAZIKA taddhite iti nivRttam. hala uttarasya taddhitayakArasya upadhAyAH Iti parato lopo bhavati. gArgI. vAtsI. halaH iti kim? kArikeyI. taddhitasya iti kim? vaidyasya bhAryA vaidhyI.

Apatyasya ca taddhite 'n-Ati PANINIRULES 64151
(The nexttolast y after consonant) of a descendant is lost before a taddhita, but not before A.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 749

As in --

gArgyANAM samUhaH →gotro gArgya + aka gArga + aka →yasyetica gArgaka "an assemblage of descendants of garga"

If the taddhita starts with A, like Ayana, this rule won't work --

apatyaGM gArgyasya →yaJ;iJozca gArgya + phak →AyaneyI gArgya + Ayanak →yasyetica gArgy + Ayana- →Natvam gArgyAyaNa-

It won't work when the y follows a vowel, like the y of eya --

apatyam kArikeyasya → kArikeya- + iN → kArikeyi

KAZIKA ApatyayakArasya halaH uttarasya taddhite anAkArAdau lopo bhavati. gArgyANAM samUho gArgakam. vAtsakam. Apatyasya iti kim? sAGkAzyakaH. kAmpilyakaH. taddhitagrahaNaM ItyanApatyasya api lopArtham. saumI iSTiH. anAti iti kim? gArgyAyaNaH. vAtsyAyanaH. halaH ityeva, kArikeyasya apatyaM kArikeyiH.

tur iSTh%em´eyaHsu PANINIRULES 64154
tR (to lopa) before iSTha(n) Iyas(un).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 750

Example. The root ji means "be victorious, conquer". Adding tRc or tRn we get jetR- "victor, conqueror". Adding iSThan to that we get jayiSTHa-, which has no tR, and means "best victor". In detail --

vi + ji + tRn + iSTha(n) →hardsoft vi + je + tR + iSTha- vi + je + iSTha- →ecoya vijayiSTha- "best conqueror"

This is one of the few situations where a lopa replaces two letters. Usually a lopa would only replace the R, by alontyasya.

KAZIKA iSThan-imanij-Iyasun ity eteSu parataH tR-zabdasya lopo bhavati. AsutiM kariSThaH. vijayiSThaH. vahiSThaH. dohIyasI dhenuH. sarvasya tRzabdasya lopArthaM vacanam. antyasya hi TeH x ity eva siddhaH. lug ity etad atra na anuvartate, tathA hi sati na lumatAGgasya iti pratiSedhAd guNo na syAt. imanijgrahaNam uttarArtham. itarau tu tuzchandasi 53059 iti bhavataH.

Even though the original rule mentions the affix iman, there are no examples of iman appearing after a tRc tRn ender, so I did not bother to mention iman in my translation. It is mentioned in the original rule just so that it will trickle down to the next rule, TeHx.

TeH x PANINIRULES 64155
(Before iSThan iman Iyasun,) tail to lopa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 751

(Please see about the letter x in rules .)

Examples --

paTu- "sharp" + iSTha(n) paT + iSTha → paTiSTha- "sharpest, very sharp"

paTu- + iman paT + iman → paTiman- m "sharpness" (same as paTutva-)

paTu- + Iyas(un) paTIyas- "sharper"

KAZIKA bhasya Ter lopo bhavati iSThemeyassu parataH. paTu paTiSThaH. paTimA. paTIyAn. laghu laghiSThaH. laghimA. laghIyAn. NAviSThavat prAtipadikasya kAryaM bhavati iti vaktavyam. kiM prayojanam? puMvad-bhAva-rabhAva-Tilopa-yaNAdi. parArtham. puMvadbhAvaH enImAcaSTe etayati. zyetayati. tasilAdiSv AkRtvasucaH 63035 iti iSThe puMvadbhAvaH uktaH. ra-bhAvaH pRthumAcaSTe prathayati. mradayati. TilopaH paTunAcaSTe paTayati. laghayati. yaNAdiparam sthUlam AcaSTe sthavayati. bhAradvAjIyAstu paThanti, NAviSThavat prAtipadikasya puMvad-bhAva-ra-bhAva-Tilopa-yaNAdiparavinmator lukkanartham iti. sragviNamAcaSTe srajayati. vasumantam AcaSTe vasayati. yuvAnam AcaSTe yavayati. kanyati. etad ubhayam api udAharaNa-mAtram, na parigaNanam. prAdayo 'pi hISyante, priyam AcaSTe prApayati.

bahor lopo bhU ca bahoH PANINIRULES 64158
After bahu-, ( iSThan iman Iyasun) to lopa, and the bahu to bhU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 753

Only examples --

bahu- + iSTha(n) bhU + STha →iSThasyayiTca bhUyiSTha- "most numerous"

bahu- + iman bhUman- "manyness, multitude, abundance"

bahu- + Iyasun bhUyas- "more numerous"

KAZIKA bahoruttareSAm iSthemeyasAM lopo bhavati, tasya ca bahoH sthAne bhU ityayam Adezo bhavati. bhUmA. bhUyAn. bahuzabdaH pRthvAdiSu paThyate. bahoriti punargrahaNaM sthAnitvapratipattyartham, anyathA hi pratyayAnAm eva bhUbhAvaH syAt.

iSThasya yiT ca PANINIRULES 64159
iSThan gets yiT too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 754

Only example --

bahu- + iSThan →bahorlopo bhU + STha bhUyiSTha- "most numerous"

KAZIKA bahoruttarasya iSThasya yiDAgamo bhavati, bahozca bhUrAdezo bhavati. bhUyiSThaH. lopApavAdo yiDAgamaH, tasminnikAra uccAraNArthaH.

ra Rto halAder laghoH PANINIRULES 64161
After consonant, light R to ra (before iSThan iman Iyasun).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 755

Examples --

pRthu- + iSThan prathu + iSTha →TeHx prathiSTha- "very sharp"

pRthu- + iman prathu + iman →TeHx prathiman- "sharpness"

This rule only applies to six words --

pRthumM mRdumM bhRzaJM caiva kRzaJM ca dRDham eva ca |

paripUrvaM vRDhaJM caiva SaD etAn ra-vidhau smaret ||

KAZIKA ra-zabda Adezo bhavaty RkArasya halAder laghoH iSThemeyassu parataH. prathiSThaH. prathimA. prathIyAn. mradiSThaH. mradimA. mradIyAn. RtaH iti kim? paTiSThaH s. paTimA. paTIyAn. halAdeH iti kim? RjiSThaH. RjimA. RjIyAn. laghoH iti kim? kRSNA kRSNiSThaH. kRSNimA. kRSNIyAn. parigaNanam atra kartavyam. pRthuM mRduM bhRzaM caiva kRzaM ca dRDham eva ca. paripUrvaM vRDhaM ca eva SaDetAn ravidhau smaret. tataH iha na bhavati, kRtamAcaSTe kRtayati. mAtaramAcaSTe mAtayati. bhrAtayati.

Atm%AdhvAnau khe PANINIRULES 64169
The an of Atman- and adhvan- (stays) before kha.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 756

Exception to nastaddhite, thatwould have erased an.

Atmane hitaH →Atman;vizvajana Atman- + kha →AyaneyI AtmanIna- "suitable for oneself"

adhvanInaH "good to go on a journey"

KAZIKA Atmanadhvan ity etau khe parataH prakRtyA bhavataH. Atmane hitaH AtmanInaH. adhvAnamalaGgAmI adhvanInaH. khe iti kim? pratyAtmam. prAdhvam. pratyAtmam ity avyayIbhAve anazca 54108 iti samAsAntaH Tac-pratyayaH. prAdhvam iti upasargAd adhvanaH iti ac-pratyayaH.

yu;vor an%Akau PANINIRULES 71001
Replace yu vu of affixes with ana aka.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 757

So, lyu is just short for (l)ana, and Nvul is short for (N)aka(l). As in --

nI + (N)vu(l) nI + (N)aka(l) →acoJNiti nai + aka →ecoya nAyaka- "leader, carrier"

nand + lyu nand + (l)ana → nandana- "gladdener, son"

KAZIKA yu vu ityetayoH utsRSTa-vizeSaNayoH anunAsikayaNoH pratyayayor grahaNam, tayoH sthAne yathAsaGkhyam ana aka ityetAvAdezau bhavataH. yoH anaH, voH akaH. nandyAdibhyo lyuH nandanaH. ramaNaH. sAyamAdibhyaSTyuTyulau tuT ca sAyanatanaH. cirantanaH. NvultRcau kArakaH. hArakaH. vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. anunAsikayaNoH iti kim? UrNAyA yus 52123 UrNAyuH. bhujimRGbhyAM yuktyukau bhujyuH, mRtyuH iti. evam AdInAM hi yaNo 'nunAsikatvaM na pratijJAyate, pratijJAnunAsikyAH pANinIyAH. iha yuvoriti nirdezAd dvandvaikavadbhAvapakSe anityam AgamazAsanam iti num na kriyate. napuMsakaliGgatA vA liGgamaziSyaM lokAzrayatvAl liGgasya iti na bhavati. itaretarapakSe tu chAndasatvAt varNalopo draSTavyaH. yuvozced dvitvanirdezo dvitve yaN tu prasajyate. atha cedekavadbhAvaH kathaM puMvad bhavedayam. dvitve vaigamiko lopa ekatve numanityatA. aziSyatvAd dhi liGgasya puMstvaM veha samAzritam.

This rule will not work on some affixes, such as yus'''.

Ayan;ey;In; Iy;iyaH pha;Dha;kha; ccha;ghAM pratyayAdInAm PANINIRULES 71002
ph Dh kh ch gh of affix-start to Ayan ey In Iy iy.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 758

So when an affix starts with one of these letters, we must change --

ph Ayan

Dh ey

kh In

ch Iy

gh iy

as in

vinatA + Dhak vinatA + eyak →kitica vainatA + eya →yasyetica vainateya- "son of vinatA"

gArgya- + phak gArgya + Ayanak gArgyAyaNa-

Root affixes are unaffected by this rule. We know that because rule Rter IyaG was not worded as Rtez chaG.

KAZIKA Ayan-ey-In-Iy-iy ity ete AdezAH bhavanti yathA-saGkhyaM pha Dha kha cha gha ity eteSA pratyayAdInAm. pha ity etasya Ayan-Adezo bhavati. naDAdibhyaH phak nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH. Dhasya eyAdezo bhavati. strIbhyo Dhak sauparNeyaH. vainateyaH. khasya InAdezo bhavati kulAt khaH ADhyakulInaH. zrotriyakulInaH. chasya IyAdezo bhavati. [vRddhAc chaH] gArgIyaH. vAtsIyaH. gha ityetasya iyAdezo bhavati. kSatrAd ghaH kSatriyaH. pratyayagrahaNaM kim? phakkati. Dhaukate. khanati. chinatti. ghUrNate. AdigrahaNam kim? Urudaghnam. jAnudaghnam. ete AyannAdayaH pratyayopadezakAla eva bhavanti. kRteSveteSu pratyayAdyudAttatvaM bhavati, tathA ca !!ghacchWca 44117 iti ghacazcitkaranam arthavad bhavati. zaGkhaH, SaNDhaH ityevam AdInAM hi uNAdayo bahulam iti bahulavacanAd AdezA na bhavanti. RterIyaG iti vAvacanaM jJApakaM dhAtupratyayAnAm AdezAbhAvasya. ejeH khaz, padarujavizaspRzo ghaJJ ity evam AdiSu tu itsaMjJayA bhavitavyam. taddhiteSu hi khakAraghakArayor Adezavacanam avakAzavad iti it-saMjJAM bAdhituM na utsahate. AyannInoH nakArasya itsaMjJAyAM prAptAyAM pratividhAtavyam, nitkAryaM hi sambhavati.

This rule looks useless if we consider that, instead of stating rules like strIbhyo Dhak, kulAt khaH and naDA'dibhyaH phak, pANini might have more directly stated strIbhya eyaH, kulAd InaH, naDA'dibhya Ayanak and so on. The student should try to guess why pANini thought that this way of doing things is better than the way we consider simpler.

jho 'ntaH PANINIRULES 71003
jh to ant.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 759

This rule replaces the jh of affixes with ant.

The affixes that have jh are jhi, jha and their replacements.

Be very careful. This rule replaces the jh letter only, NOT the whole affix. So, the a i of jha jhi stay in place, and the result of the rule is changing --

jhi into anti'''

jhu''' into antu'''

jh''' into ant'''

jha into anta'''

jhe''' into ante'''

The rule works in most tenses --

nI + laT jhi → naya + jh + i naya + ant + i →atoguNe nayanti "they lead"

dviS + loT jhi → dviS + jhu''' dviS + antu''' → dviSantu "make them hate"

yA + laG jhi →luGlaG ayA + jhi → ayA + jh''' ayA + ant''' →akassa ayAnt →saMyogAnta ayAn "they went"

but not in the liG --

bhava + liG jhi →jherjus bhava + us → bhava + Iyus''' → bhaveyus "they would be"

labh + zap + liG jha →jhasyaran labha + ran → labha + Iran''' → labheran "they would get"

or the liT --

kR + jhi →parasmaipadAnA kR + us → cakR + us →ikoyaNaci cakrus "they did"

kR + jha → kR + irec → cakR + ire →ikoyaNaci cakrire "they did"

See also the two exceptions right below --

(jh) of jhi to at after stammered

(jh) of jha (to at) after non-a.

ad abhyastAt PANINIRULES 71004
(jh) of jhi to at after stammeredmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 760

Exception to jhontaH -- after stammered, the jh (of jhi) becomes at, not ant.

Therefore, jhi jhu''' jh''' turn into ati''' atu''' at'''.

Examples after stammered made by zlu --

bhI + laT jhi → bibhI + jhi bibhI + ati''' →eranekA bibhyati "they are afraid"

hu + laT jhi → juhu + jhi juhu + ati''' →huznuvossA juhvati "they pour"

dA + laT jhi → dadA + jhi dadA + ati →znAbhyastayorAtaH dadati "they give"

bhI + loT jhi → bibhI + jhi →itazca bibhI + jhu''' bibhI + atu''' →eranekA bibhyatu "let them be afraid; make them afraid"

There are no examples with liG, because of jherjus, nor with laG, because of sija.

Examples after jakSi roots --

jAgR + laT jhi jAgR + ati''' →ikoya jAgrati "they are awake"

zAs + laT jhi zAs + ati''' → zAsati "they instruct"

These forms are confusing for beginners, as they look as if they were singulars of a zapclass. For comparison, here are some singulars --

bhI + laT tip →puganta bhe + tip bibheti "is afraid"

dA + laT tip dadA + tip → dadAti "gives"

jAgR + laT tip →hardsoft jAgarti "is awake"

KAZIKA abhyastAd aGgAd uttarasya jhakArasya atityayam Adezo bhavati. dadati. dadatu. dadhati. dadhatu. jakSati. jakSatu. jAgrati. jAgratu. antAdezApavAdo 'yaM jusAdezena tu bAdhyate. adaghuH. ajAgaruH. atrApyAdezo kRte pratyayAdyudAtatvaM bhavati.

This rule is seldom used, because it only works after zlu roots, and there aren't many of those. But the next rule, that tells what to do with the replacements of jha, is found way more often because it works after many roots.

AtmanepadeSv an-ataH PANINIRULES 71005
(jh) of jha (to at) after non-a.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 761

jhontaH replaces jh of jha with ant. But by this exception, if the jh does not follow a, it is replaced with at.

Therefore, jha jhe''' jhAm'''' turn into anta''' ante''' antAm'''' after a, but into ata''', ate''' atAm'''' elsewhere.

Examples --

dviS + laT jha →Tita dviS + jhe''' dviS + ate''' → dviSate "they hate"

dviS + laG jha →luGlaG adviS + jha adviS + ata''' → adviSata "they hated"

hu + laT jha → juhu + jha → juhu + jhe''' juhu + ate''' →huznuvossA juhvate "they pour"

rudh + laT jha → rudh + znam + jha →midaco runadh + jha →znasora rundh + jha →Tita rundh + jhe''' rundh + ate''' → rundhate "they obstruct"

kR + laG jha akurvata "they did"

dviS + loT jha → dviS + atAm'''' → dviSatAm "let them hate"

KAZIKA AtmanepadeSu yo jhakAraH, tasya anakArAntAd aGgAd uttarasya atityayam Adezo bhavati. cinvate. cinvatAm. acinvata. punate. lunate. lunatAm. alunata. AtmanepadeSu iti kim? cinvanti. lunanti. anataH iti kim? cyavante. plavante. nityatvAdatra vikaraNe kRte jho 'ntAdezena bhavitavyam ityadAdezo na bhavati. anakArAntena aGgena jhakAravizeSaNaM kim? iha mA bhUt, adya zvo vijaniSyamANAH patibhiH zayAntai.

zIGo ruT PANINIRULES 71006
After zIG, (this at from jha gets) ruT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 762

So after zIG, ata''' becomes rata, ate''' becomes rate, and AtAm'''' becomes ratAm.

All examples --

zI + laG jha → ze + jha →luGlaG aze + jha → aze + ata''' azerata "they slept"

zI + laT jha → ze + jha →Tita ze + jhe → ze + ate''' zerate "they sleep"

zI + loT jha → ze + jha → ze + atAm'''' zeratAm "let them sleep"

KAZIKA zIGo 'GgAd uttarasya jhAdezasya ataH ruD-Agamo bhavati. zerate. zeratAm. azerata. ruDayaM parAdiH kriyate. sa yadi jhakArasya eva syAdadAdezo na syAdityata eva ayam Adezasya Agamo vidhIyate. sAnubandhagrahaNam AGlugartham. tena iha na bhavati, vyatizezyate.

In the liG, we get jhasyaran instead.