chunk 60: special roots chunk 60: special roots
List of roots.
Roots for "say".
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The roots in this section either are affected by special rules, or can be easily confused with other roots.
aJcati "is at"
ad "eat"
As "sit"
asti "there is"
asyati "throw"
bhI "fear"
brU "say"
dRz "see"
dviS "hate"
gam "go"
ghas "eat"
grah "grab"
han "kill"
han- "killer"
hu "pour"
iS "want"
ji "win"
jJA "know"
jyA "grow old"
krI "buy"
kLp "befit"
labh "get"
plu "float, jump"
stu' "praise in verse"
sthA "stop, stay, stand"
svap "sleep"
UrNu "cover, hide"
vap "sow, scatter"
veJ "weave"
vid "know"
yu "join"
zAs "instruct; wish"
zIG "lie down, sleep"
stretchable roots:
vacisvapi roots
grahijyA roots
auxiliary roots:
kR "do, make"
bhU "be there, be"
as "be there, be"
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The root bhI 03.0002 means "to fear, to be afraid of".
It is very regular and often used to make examples of the zluclass --
Because of bhI;trA-'rthAnAM bhaya-hetuH, whatever one fears is a from and not an object, so it gets fifth --
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dru
This root makes an anomalous luG, see Ni;zri;dru;sru.
Another way of saying "run" is
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The root
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The root
It is flatty, but when it has no preverbs, rule anupasargAdvA makes it optionally bendy --
It must also be bendy when rules vRttisargatAyaneSu kramaH ff say so.
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The root
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Because of adaHsarveSAm, it gets
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ac''' is the rootnoun of the root
The
ac''' is found at the end of a couple dozen compounds such as prAc- "eastern",
ac''' gets num before strong --
ac''' with su ( calling or not) makes
wimpy ac''' loses its
See also
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The root ad 02.0011 As
As plus zAnac makes
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as is a lukclass root and means "be, be there, exist". Sometimes it is called asti, to keep it apart from as' asyati "throw".
as must be replaced with
as + liT tip →
and may be replaced with bhU everywhere else.
as + laT jhi →
and loses
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The root as'
It is called asyati in some rules ( asyatesthuk, asyativakti), to keep it apart from as "be".
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iS'
Not same as iS
Mostly used in
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This is root 06.0149. It is spelled as
As it is a grahijyA root, it becomes
( za always has
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Affected by --
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kLp
This root is the only one that has
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The root krI "buy" 09.0001 has nothing especial, but it appears a lot in grammar examples because it is the first root of the znaclass, and because it is flattybendy --
With vi in front, it means "sell".
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The root labh
As it is a Dvit, it can get ktri --
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The root
It is subject to somespecial rules --
Before zlu, it reduplicates with
(Before liT it reduplicates normally:
Compounded after its object it becomes
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The roots...
...appear very often in grammar examples.
Root nI is special in the rule GerAm.
pac is affected by the special rule pacovaH.
In theory, there is a slight meaning difference between the flat --
and the bent --
But, in practice, you may choose flat or bent wildly, and no one will complain.
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The root ji means "win (a war, fight), conquer, defeat".
Because of rule sanliTorjeH, it sometimes looks like
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This is the very common znaclass root 09.0043 "know". It is affected by the especial rules --
jJA + laT tip →
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It is affected by vyazca and vibhASApareH.
It stretches before yaG --
as in --
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This root means pouring ghee onto the sacred fire, or more in general, doing any sort of ritual (same meaning as hu "pour, do rituals").
It is traditionally translated as "sacrificing", but it doesn't mean sacrificing in general, only doing religious stuff.
and is affected be vrazcabhrasja --
(Cereful. This
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The rootnoun yudh- "a fight, war", derived from the root
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stu' "to praise by chanting or singing in verse" is a lukclass root that ends in
stu' + tral →
It is affected by utovRddhi --
stu' + laT tip →
And gets compulsory kvip when compounded after
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The root
grah stretches before kGit, by grahijyA.
Because of graho 'liTi dIrghaH, we say
grah plus san makes jighRkSa "try to grab".
grah plus loT sip makes
The epics sometimes have
The kRt enders
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sthA is the root
It is subject to several special rules. Here are some, with an example each --
pAghrA -- sthA + zap makes
dyatisyatimAsthAmitti kiti -- sthA + kta makes
ghumA -- sthA + yak makes
Ato lopa:: iTi ca -- sthA + us makes
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The root ad 06.0170 sic'
There is also a sic affix.
When the object is a new king, sic' means "to consecrate, to anoint", particularly with abhi. Therefore --
means that he appointed
(The
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This is a lukclass root. Like zIG, it may mean either "sleep" or "lie down".
This root is affected by
and
As in --
It is listed as
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This root gets stretching by vacisvapi.
It is mentioned at rule etyedhatyUThsu.
The rootnoun, vah-, means of course carrier, and may mean also "driver", "dragger", "puller". As in anaDuh- "cart-puller, ox".
The kta is
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vap is one of the vacisvapi roots --
It gets Nyat --
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This is
Affected by Asuyuvapi --
yu + Nyat →
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yuj is the root
It is a very regular znamclass roots, and it is flattybendy. I just mention it here because it is very common in grammar examples.
Its kvin, yuj-, is anomalous because it can be used uncompounded (see yujerasamAse).
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The lukclass root zAs "instruct" may mean to give instruction ('teach') or instructions ('command'), or also to wish or pray.
AG +
Some times it changes into
And the plural does not have anti''', because rule jakSi says so --
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The zaclass root ad 06.0016 Rcch
It means "rise, attack, hurt, move", or maybe
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UrNu is affected by several special rules, such as --
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Notice that the root is listed in the
If the root were actually
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These are the most common ghu roots.
They are affected by some special rules --
dA + kta →
dA + loT sip →
dhA + laT tas →
dA + yak + te''' →
dhA + kta →
There is also an affix dhA' meaning "-fold".
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arti is the root
and into
arti + karmaNi laT ta →
It is not the same root that rule pAghrA calls
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The lukclass root brU "say" is only used before hard affixes (see bruvovaciH).
Its tiG may get IT --
According to
but in the epics you'll hear
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Back to roots for "say" .
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The root hu means in particular "pour ghee onto the holy fire", and more in general "perform rites".
So it has the same meanings as yaj. (I tend to gloss the first as "pour" and the second as "sacrifice", but that's just to keep my indexes clean, the meaning is the same.)
hu is found very often in grammar examples, because it is the first of the zluclass (a.k.a.
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All of the following roots all can mean "speak, talk, say, tell, chat" and so on --
IMPORTANT. In English we have several verbs like "say", "tell", "speak" that are used in different ways. For instance, we can say "I told him so", but we cannot say "I said him so"; we can say "I told him the answer" but we cannot say "I spoke him the answer", we can say "he speaks German", but "he says German" is no good.
In Sanskrit it's different. All the roots mentioned above ( vac vad brU
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The very common root
It is a flattybendy root --
It is one of the auxiliary roots.
It is affected by the special rules --
See also
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The root kR "do, make" , when before a hard doer affix, gets u by tanAdikRJbhya::uH. This kR with u then turns into --
Examples of
kR + laG tip
Examples of
(Here jhi tas jha are Git because hard
Example of
Example of
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The very common bhU means "become, be, be there". Same meaning as asti.
As in --
It is one of the auxiliary roots.
See also --
asterbhUH -- replace as with bhU before soft
AtaH -- the luG has
bhuvovugluGliToH -- bhU gets
bhavateraH -- the liT is
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This root is extremely common. Translate as "see", "perceive", "understand", or "look at".
Before zap, dRz is affected by pAghrA --
dRz + laT tip →
But it is not so affected before other affixes --
dRz + karmaNi laT ta →
In the inria conjugation gadget, the "active" of the first four tenses of
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This is the lukclass root 02.0003 "hate". It is not particularly special, but it is very common, and also flattybendy. So, I use it a lot in grammar examples.
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The root iS
iS +
But stays
iS +
There is another
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There are several vid roots. The most common one means "know", is a lukclass, and is affected by -
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There are four sorts of
ac means "vowel",
as used in rule iko yaN aci
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This is root ad 02.0026
The
zIG is affected by
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The root
gam is objectful when it means "go to a place", and its object is the destination.
gam is objectless when it means "leave"
Both
iSugami -- gam to
gamahana -- gam loses
anudAttopadeza --
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There are two pA roots --
[1] pA aka pibati "drinks", a zapclass --
pA + laT tip →
[2] pA' aka pAti "protects, rules", a lukclass --
pA' + laT tip →
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Not same as bendy iG
Examples --
as in
The liT is
There is also a
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adhi +
adhi + iG +
There is another root, iN', that means "go" and is flatty, and sometimes takes adhi.
ad numbers --
02.0041
02.0040
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zru 01.1092 is a znuclass root.
Some quirks --
zru plus znu add up to zRNu (see zruvaH zR ca).
makes zuzrUSa, that means "obey" (in addition to its meaning "want to hear")
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The root ad 01.1112 plu
I use it a lot in the examples because it is a zapclass bendy root that is not very special.
It is bendy because it is Git, see anudAttaGi.
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The root han
It is affected by many special rules, such as
gamahana and hohante -- han to
anudAttopa -- han loses
hanovadha --
luGica --
hanterjaH -- "kill!" is
See also han-.
See also
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Because of several rules, the root han --
turns into
turns into
and stays before non- Git --
See inria verb table for han for more examples.
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Root
Like English "weave", these veJ
veJ is affected by --
It is an exception to halaH.
chunk 60: special roots