ato dIrgho yaJi PANINIRULES 73101
Lengthen "a" before hard v m.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 929 tiG

Example. mip mahi are hard when they replace laT, and start with m, so they lengthen any a --

paca + laT mip pacAmi "I cook"

dRz + yak + laT mahi → dRzya + mahe''' dRzyAmahe "we are being seen"

More examples --

gaccha + loT mas → gaccha + ma''' gacchAma "let's go"

hR + lRT mip hariSya + mip hariSyAmi "I will take"

dRz + yak + laG mahi →luGlaG adRzya + mahi adRzyAmahi "we were seen"

Counterexample. am''' is hard here, but it starts with a, not m, so this rule does not work --

paca + laG mip →luGlaG apaca + mip → apaca + am''' →atoguNe apacam "I cooked"

KAZIKA akArAntasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati yaJ'-Adau sArvadhAtuke parataH. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pakSyAmi, pakSyAvaH, pakSyAmaH. ataH iti kim? cinuvaH. cinumaH. yaJi iti kim? pacataH. pacathaH. sArvadhAtuka ity eva, aGganA. kezavaH. kecid atra tiGi ity anuvartayanti, teSAM bhavavAniti kvasau sArvadhAtuka-dIrgho na bhavati.

For this rule to work, the wording ato dIrgho mvoH " lengthen a before v m " would have been enough. But pANini said ato dIrgho yaJi " lengthen a before yaJ' letters " so that the word yaJi "before yaJ'" trickles down to the next rule.

The yaJ' letters are ya va raT laN Ja ma Ga Na nam jha bhaJ. But the only hard affixes that start with a yaJ' letter are mip vas mas vahi mahi and their replacements va''' ma''' vahe''' mahe''' (to be precise, the flat hard liG affixes also start with a yaJ', but these never happen after a, see atoyeyaH). So translating this rule as " before hard v m " is not too bad, and I find that it helps my students.

supi ca PANINIRULES 73102
("a" to "A") before bhyAm and ya.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 930

ya is the replacement of Ge made by GeryaH.

Example before bhyAm --

azva- + bhyAm azvAbhyAm "with / to / from two horses"

Example before ya --

rAma- + Ge →GeryaH rAma + ya rAmAya "to rAma"

KAZIKA ato dIrgho yaJi ity anuvartate. supi ca yaJ'-Adau parato 'kArAntasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati. vRkSAya. plakSAya. vRkSAbhyAm. plakSAbhyAm. ataH ity eva, agnibhyAm. yaJi ityeva, vRkSasya. plakSasya.

The rule literally says " (lengthen a) before all sup (that start with a yaJ' letter) ". The yaJ' letters are ya va raT laN Ja ma Ga Na nam jha bhaJ. Puzzle for you: figure out why only ya and bhyAm will trigger this rule (hint: see exceptions atobhisa and bahuvacanejha).

bahuvacane jhaly et PANINIRULES 73103
(a to) e before plural bh s.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 931

Exception to supica, that would have replaced a with A.

This rule works before sup' bhyas, and very rarely before bhis. We say "before plural" so that supica works before dual bhyAm.

Example with sup' --

vRkSa- + sup' vRkSe + su →kric vRkSeSu "on trees"

Example with bhyas --

vRkSa- + bhyas vRkSebhyas "to trees, from trees"

This rule won't ordinarily work before bhis, because rule atobhisa::ais is stronger. Yet, when some exception stops atobhisa, then bhis stays, and then bahuvacanejhalyet makes abhis into ebhis. There are two such exceptions --

(1) nedamadasorakoH says that bhis is not replaced with ais after idam-

idam- + bhis a + bhis ebhis "by these"

(2) bahulaMchandasi says that sometimes, in the veda, bhis stays after a. So there we hear --

deva + bhis devebhis "by the devas"

As in devo devebhir A gamat "the god comes with the gods", from the agnisUktam.

KAZIKA bahuvacane jhalAdau supi parato 'kArAntasya aGgasya ekArAdezo bhavati. vkRkSebhyaH. plakSebhyaH. vRkSeSu. plakSeSu. bahuvacane iti kim? vRkSAbhyAm. plakSAbhyAm. jhali iti kim? vRkSANAm. supi ityeva, yajadhvam. pacadhvam.

The original rule says jhali "(before plural sup) that starts with a serious". The only such plural sup are sup', bhyas, and bhis, so I translated "that starts with bh s".

osi ca PANINIRULES 73104
Before os too (replace a with e).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 932

Examples --

vRkSa- + os vRkSe- + os →ecoya vRkSayos "of two trees"

azva- @m + os azve- + os → azvayos "of two horses"

KAZIKA osi parato 'kArAntasya aGgasya ekArAdezo bhavati. vRkSayoH svam. plakSayoH svam. vRkSayor nirdhehi. plakSayor nidhehi.

This azvayos sounds the same as the azvayos that means "of two mares", but the latter is built by AGi c' ApaH right below.

AGi c' ApaH PANINIRULES 73105
Ap to (e) before TA (and os).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 933

Rule ecoya will always make this e into ay --

azva- @f + TA →ajAdya azvA- + TA azve- + A →ecoya azvay- + A → azvayA "with a mare"

azva- @f + os → azvA- + os azve + os →ecoya azvayos "of two mares"

rAmasya sItAyAz ca → rAmasItA- + os rAmasIte- + os → rAmasItayos "of rAma and sItA"

KAZIKA AG-iti pUrvAcArya-nirdezena tRtIy%aikavacanaM gRhyate. tasminn AGi parataH, cakArAdosi ca, AvantAGgasya e-kAr'-Adezo bhavati. khaTvayA. mAlayA. khaTvayoH mAlayoH. bahurAjayA. kArISa-gandhyayA. bahurAjayoH. kArISa-gandhyayoH. ApaH iti pito grahaNaM kim? kIlAlapA brahmaNena. kIlAlapoH brahmaNa-kulayoH. Gy-Ab-grahaNe 'dIrgha-grahaNam iti vacanAd iha na bhavati, ati-khaTvena brAhmaNa-kulena.

The AG' in the rule is an old name of TA, used by grammarians older than pANini. It appears also in the rule AGonAstri.

sambuddhau ca PANINIRULES 73106
( Ap to e) before calling.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 934

Example --

sItA- + @calling sIte + s →eGhra sIte → sIte "hey sItA"

ambArtha;nadyor hrasvaH PANINIRULES 73107
Before calling, shorten "dear mother" and nadImmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 935

The compound ambArtha- translates as "nounbases that mean dear mother". Three of those not nadI -- amba-, akka- and alla-. Those three take Ap by ajAdya, then shorten before the calling --

amba- @f + @calling →ajAdya ambA + s amba + s →eGhra amba "hey mommy"

akka "hey mommy"

alla "hey mommy"

All nadI shorten before the calling --

kacchapa- @f + @calling →jAtera kacchapa- + GI + s →yasyetica kacchapI + s →yUstryAkhyaunadI kacchapI ( nadI ) + s kacchapi + s →eGhra kacchapi "hey she-turtle"

vadhU- + @calling vadhu + s →eGhra vadhu "hey young lady"

In these two, it is rule eGhra that deletes the calling, not halGyA. halGyA cannot delete after U, and cannot delete after shortened GI.

KAZIKA sambuddhau iti vartate. ambArthanAm aGgAnAM nadyantAnAM hrasvo bhavati sambuddhau parataH. he amba. he akka. he alla. nadyAH khalvapi he kumAri. he zArGgaravi. he brahmabandhu. he vIrabandhu. DalakavatInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. he ambADe. he ambAle. he ambike. chandasi veti vaktavyam. he ambADa, he ambADe. he ambAla, he ambAle. he ambika, he ambike. talo hrasvo bA Gi-sambuddhyor iti vaktavyam. devate bhaktiH, devatAyAM bhaktiH. he devata, he devate. chandasyeva hrasvatvam iSyate. mAtRRNAM mAtac putrArtham arhate. mAtRRNAM mAtajAdezo vaktavyaH sambuddhau, putrAya putram abhidhAtum. kIdRzAya? arhate. mAtrA vyapadezam arhati zlAghanIyatvAd yaH putras tadartham. he gArgImAta. nadyRtazca iti samAsAnt%ApavAdo mAtajAdezaH. citkaraNam antodAttArtham.

Remember that the iyaGuvaG are not nadI so this rule won't apply --

bhU + @calling → bhUs "hey earth"

subhrU- "lady with beautiful eyebrows" is weird. It is an iyaGuvaG, so the correct grammar is --

he subhrUH "hey lady with beautiful eyebrows"

however, you will, more often than not, hear the incorrect

he subhru "hey lady with beautiful eyebrows"

where bhrU is considered to be nadI.

hrasvasya guNaH PANINIRULES 73108
short to guNa (before calling).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 936

Examples --

kapi- + @calling kape + s →eGhra kape "hey monkey"

guru- + @calling guro + s →eGhra guro "hey teacher"

This rule will not work on the i u that were made from I U by ambArtha;nadyor hrasvaH --

he kumAri "hey princess"

he vadhu "hey young lady"

And of course it won't work on long I U --

he zrIH "hey Wealth"

he bhUH "hey Earth"

KAZIKA sambuddhau iti vartate. hrasvAntasya aGgasya guNo bhavati sambuddhau parataH. he agne. he vAyo. he paTo. he kumAri, he brahmabandhu ity evam AdInAM hrasva-vidhAna-sAmarthyAd guNo na bhavati. yadi guNaH iSTaH syAt, ambArthAnAM hrasvaH ity uktvA nadI-hrasvayor guNaH ity evaM brUyAt.

jasi ca PANINIRULES 73109
(i u to guNa) before jas.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 937

Exception to prathamayo.

As this makes an e o before an a, ecoya will always work --

kapi- + jas kape + jas →ecoya kapayas "monkeys"

guru- + jas guro + jas →ecoya guravas "teachers"

Rto Gi;sarvanAmasthAnayoH PANINIRULES 73110
R to (ar) before Gi and strong.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 938

Example before Gi --

pitR- m + Gi pitari "about father"

Examples before strong au, jas, am, and the calling su --

pitR- m + am pitaram "father"

mAtA pitA ca "mother and father" →supodhA mAtR- + pitR- + su →dvyeka mAtR- + pitR + au →AnaGRtodvandve mAtA + pitR + au matApitarau "parents"

pitR- m + calling pitar + s →halGyA pitar "hey dad"

As in --

pitas te pratijAnAmi na zlokSye 'haGM kadA cana "Father, I promise you that I won't ever make verses"

This ar will maybe become Ar by ap;tRn;tRc --

netR- m + am netaram →aptRntRc netAram "leader"

There are no examples before non- calling su, because of exception Rduzana.

There are no examples before zi, because napuMsakasyajhalacaH works first and makes the zi not be right after R --

kartR- n + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH kartRn + zi →rAjAnam kartRRni →Natvam kartRRNi @n "maker devices"

KAZIKA guNaH iti vartate. RkArAntasya aGgasya Gau parataH sarvanAmasthAne ca guNo bhavati. Gau mAtari. pitari. bhrAtari. kartari. sarvanAmasthAne kartArau. kartAraH. mAtarau. pitarau. bhrAtarau. taparakaraNaM mukhasukhArtham.

gher Giti PANINIRULES 73111
wee to ( guNa) before Gitmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 939

For instance, kapi- and guru- are wee, so we get --

kapi- + Gas kape- + Gas →GasiGasozca kapes "of monkey"

guru- + Gas guro + Gas →GasiGasozca guros "of teacher"

This also works before Gasi and Ge --

kapi- + Gasi kape- + Gasi →GasiGasozca kapes "from monkey"

kapi- + Ge kape- + e →ecoya kapaye "to monkey"

But it won't work before Gi, because aut overrides this rule --

kapau matkuNAH "on monkey there are fleas"

This rule always works on all masculines that end in i u, except sakhi- and uncompounded pati-, because those are not wee. Those two just get khyatyAtparasya before Gas Gasi. And before Ge they get just ikoyaNaci.

After a feminine in i u, this rule will work only if we didn't take the Gitihrasvazca option --

mati- f + Gas mates "of opinion"

After a neuter, rule ikocivibhaktau will ordinarily work, debarring this one, but when the optional exception tRtIyAdiSu stops the ikocivibhaktau, this one kicks back in. So we may have masculine-like zuces here --

zucer vAriNaH "of clean water"

instead of the ordinary zucino vAriNaH, with ikocivibhaktau on both words.

KAZIKA ghyantasyAGgasya Giti pratyaye parato guNo bhavati. agnaye. vAyave. agnerAgacchati. vAyorAgacchati. agneH svam. vAyoH svam. gheH iti kim? sakhye. patye. Giti iti kim? agnibhyAm. supi ityeva, paTvI. kurutaH.

AN nadyAH PANINIRULES 73112
After nadI, (the Git) get ATmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 940

As AT is a titaugment, it will replace Ge Gasi Gas Gi with ai As As Am, this way --

AT + Ge →vRddhireci ai

AT + Gasi →akassa As

AT + Gas →akassa As

AT + Gi →GerAm AT + Am →akassa Am

This rule will always work on the I U feminines that are compulsorily nadI --

nadI- + Gasi nadI + As →ikoyaNaci nadyAs "from river; (in grammar) after a nadI"

strI- + Gasi strI + As →striyAH striyAs "from woman"

vadhU- + Gasi vadhvAs "from young lady"

but after the i u feminines, it will only work when we make them nadI with the Gitihrasvazca option --

mati- f + Gas →Gitihra mati- ( nadI) + Gas mati + As →ikoyaNaci matyAs "of opinion"

dhenu- ( nadI) f + Gas dhenu + As →ikoyaNaci dhenvAs "of cow"

Otherwise, these work just like the masculine --

mati- f + Gas mates "of opinion" ( same steps as kapes, see gherGiti )

dhenu- f + Gas dhenos "of cow" ( same steps as guros )

Remember that the Ap-enders are feminine, but not nadI. This rule does not work on them, but yADApaH does.

KAZIKA nady-antAd aGgAd uttarasya GitaH pratyayasya AD-Agamo bhavati. kumAryai. brahmabandhvai. kumAryAH. brahmabandhvAH.

yAD ApaH PANINIRULES 73113
(the Git get) yA(T) after Apmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 941

As yAT is a titaugment, this is the same thing as saying --

"After Ap, replace Ge Gasi Gas Gi with yai yAs yAs yAm "

Because right after Ap we have --

Ge Ge + yAT →Adyantau yA + e →vRddhireci yai

Gasi yA + as →akassa yAs

Gas yA + as →akassa yAs

Gi →GerAm Am yA + Am →akassa yAm

Examples --

sItA- + Ge sItAyai "to sItA"

sItA- + Gasi sItAyAs "from sItA"

sItA- + Gas sItAyAs "of sItA"

sItA- + Gi sItAyAm "about sItA"

A sentence with sItayAs in it --

5020001a sItAyA vacanaM zrutvA paruSaM rAkSasAdhipaH

5020001c pratyuvAca tatasH sItAM vipriyamM priyadarzanAm

(see rAmAyaNa 5 22 Griffith translation)

See exception below, sarvanAmnassyADDhrasvazca.

KAZIKA Ab-antAd aGgAd uttarasya GitaH pratyayasya yAD-Agamo bhavati. khaTvAyai. bahurAjAyai. kArISagandhyAyai. khaTvAyAH. bahurAjAyAH. kArISagandhyAyAH. atikhaTvAyetyatra akRte dIrghe Gy-Ab-grahaNe adIrghaH (mahAbhASya 1.138) iti vacanAd yAD-Agamo na bhavati, kRte tu lAkSaNikatvAt (pari 105).

sarvanAmnaH syAD Dhrasvaz ca PANINIRULES 73114
After (the Ap of a) pronoun, ( Git gets) syAT, and the Ap shortens.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 942

Exception to yADApaH, that will not work after a pronoun that got Ap.

By the same rules explained under ANnadyAH and yADApaH and , this rule replaces

Ge Gasi Gas Gi

with

syai syAs syAs syAm.

In addition, it shortens the Ap. This rule is unusual because the replacement and the shortening happen at the same time, while most command rules do just one thing, or one thing after another.

Examples after tA- ( which comes from tad- + Ap , by tyadAdInAmaH and yasyetica ) --

tA- + Ge ta- + syai → tasyai "to her"

tA- + Gasi ta- + syAs → tasyAs "from her"

tA- + Gi ta- + syAm → tasyAm "about her"

(incidentally, remember that the masculine and neuter is tasmAt, tasmai, tasya, tasmin, with sarvanAmnassmai ff).

KAZIKA sarvanAmnaH AbantAdaGgAduttarasya GitaH pratyaysya syATAgamo hrasvazca bhavati. sarvasyai. vizvasyai. yasyai. tasyai. kasyai. anyasyai. sarvasyAH. vizvasyAH. yasyAH. tasyAH. kasyAH. anyasyAH. ApaH ityeva, bhavati. bhavate.

To get used to this syai ("see" + "eye") sound of the feminine Ge, listen to this prayer --

yA devI sarvabhuteSu nidrArUpeNa saMsthitA | namas tasyai namas tasyai namas tasyai namo namaH ||

in the Complete Devi Suktam (Ya Devi Sarva Bhuteshu...) with Sanskrit lyrics.

Ger Am nady;Am;nIbhyaH PANINIRULES 73116
Replace Gi with Am after nadI, Ap, nI.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 943

Exception to ANnadyAH.

Examples after nadI --

nadI- + Gi nadI- + Am → nadyAm "in river"

vadhU- + Gi vadhU- + Am → vadhvAm "about the wife"

Example after Ap --

khaTvA- + Gi khaTvA- + Am →yADApaH khaTvA- + yAm → khaTvAyAm "in bed"

Example after rootnoun nI --

grAmaNI- mf + Gi grAmaNI- + Am → grAmaNyAm "about the mayor"

Here aciznu was overriden by eranekAco. grAmaNI- mf stays before consonants, gets y replacement before vowels.

In the mahAbhArata this change happens after lakSmI- too --

yathA nArAyaNo lakSmyAJM jAhnavyAJM ca yathodadhiH "like narAyaNa with lakSmI, like the ocean with the gaGgA"

KAZIKA nady-antAt Ab-antAd nItyetasmAt cottarasya GeH Am iti ayam Adezo bhavati. kumAryAm. gauryAm. brahmabandhvAm. dhIbandhvAm. ApaH – khaTvAyAm. bahurAjAyAm. kArISagandhyAyAm. nI – rAjanyAm. senAnyAm. grAmaNyAm.

id;udbhyAm PANINIRULES 73117
(Replace Gi with Am) after i u (-ender nadI).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 944

So, if we use rule Gitihrasvazca to make feminine mati- "opinion" into a nadI, we get --

mati- + Gi mati + Am → matyAm "in the opinion (of)"

Otherwise mati- will be a wee, and mati- will get the same rules as the masculine --

mati- + Gi →accagheH matau "in the opinion"

KAZIKA ikArokArAbhyAM nadIsaMjJakAbhyAm uttarasya GeH Am Adezo bhavati. kRtyAm. dhenvAm.

aut PANINIRULES 73118
( Gi to) au (after non- nadI i u).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 945

Example --

guru- m + Gi guru + au →accagheH gura + au → gurau "about teacher"

Example when mati- did not become nadI by Gitihrasvazca --

mati- f + Gi mati + au → matau "in the opinion (of)"

When we choose mati- to be nadI, however, we get matyAm by GerAm.

sakhi- does not get accagheH, because it is not a wee --

sakhi- + Gi sakhi + au → sakhyau "about friend"

ac ca gheH PANINIRULES 73119
wee merges (with Gi into au).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 946

So we replace u + Gi with au and i + Gi with au too. Examples --

guru- m + Gi gurau "about teacher"

giri- m + Gi girau "on mountain"

As in --

gurau dveSaH "hate towards teacher"

girau vRkSAH "there are trees on the mountain"

Rule Gitihrasvazca says that feminines in i u, such as mati-, can be wee or not. So if in mati- f + Gi we choose mati- to be nadI, this rule won't work --

mati- f + Gi →idudbhyAm mati + Am →ikoyaNaci matyAm "in the opinion"

but if we choose non- nadI, it works like the masculine --

mati- f + Gi matau "in the opinion"

This rule won't work on sakhi- and uncompounded pati-, because they are not wee --

sakhi- + Gi →aut sakhi + au →ikoyaNaci sakhyau "about friend"

pati- + Gi patyau "about husband"

Of course it will work on compounded pati- --

pakSiNo 'tra vanaspatau "there are birds on this tree"

KAZIKA aud iti vartate. ghi-saMjJakAd uttarasya GeH aukArAdezo bhavati, tasya ca gheH akArAdezo bhavati. agnau. vAyau kRtau. dhenau. paTau. atiti taparakaraNaM striyAM TApo nivRttyartham. audacca gheH iti yeSAm ekam eva idaM sUtram, te pradhAnaziSTam idudbhyAm auttvaM varNayanti, anvAcayaziStaM gheH akAram iti.

The literal translation of this rule is --

' Replace wee that is before Gi with a (and the Gi with au). '

So we get a + au, and the a then disappears by vRddhireci. So the first example above should have been --

guru- m + Gi gura + au →vRddhireci gurau "about teacher"

but I mistranslated the rule as "merge into au" to save one step.

AGo nA '-striyAm PANINIRULES 73120
TA to nA after non- feminine wee.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 947

Examples --

RSi- m + TA RSi + nA →Natvam RSiNA "by prophet"

guru- m + TA guru + nA →Natvam guruNA "with teacher"

kapi- m n + TA kapinA "with monkey"

This rule won't work after a feminine wee --

mati- + TA →ikoyaNaci matyA "with opinion"

dhenu- + TA →ikoyaNaci dhenvA "with cow"

KAZIKA gheH uttarasya AGaH nAbhAvo bhavati astriyAm. agninA. vAyunA. paTunA. puMsi iti noktam, amunA brAhmaNakulena. astriyAm iti kim? kRtyA. dhenvA. iti zrIvAmanaviracitAyAM kAzikAyAM vRttau saptamAdhyAyasya tRtIyaH pAdaH.